Primary 6 Intermediate Vocabulary — 100-Word Bridge to Advanced PSLE English

Intermediate Primary 6 vocabulary is not a lesser version of advanced vocabulary. It is the bridge that makes advanced work possible. A learner who cannot reliably retrieve, distinguish and use high-utility intermediate words will gain little from adding rarer words on top. The aim here is to turn a legacy 100-word list into a dependable language system.

This is an eduKate-curated learning list, not an official MOE or SEAB “Top 100”. The words are retained from the original page and PDF, but the teaching architecture has been rebuilt for Singapore Primary 6 English. British/Singapore spelling is used in the article; the historical PDF is preserved unchanged as an archive of the original resource.

The One-Sentence Answer

The Primary 6 intermediate bridge is complete when the learner can retrieve these words in natural contexts, distinguish important neighbours, use common word families and collocations, and transfer the vocabulary into comprehension, composition and oral tasks without depending on a visible list.

Why an Intermediate Bridge Matters

Weak progression	Stronger progression
memorise easy list → memorise harder list	secure meanings → build boundaries → retrieve → transfer → expand
replace simple words with rarer synonyms	choose the word that fits evidence and register
learn one definition per word	learn sense, family, collocation and context
same-day quiz proves mastery	delayed retrieval and unseen transfer prove ownership
advanced means longer sentence	advanced means more accurate language decisions

The Original Downloadable PDF

The original PDF is preserved for continuity. Use it as a printable word-bank resource; use the teaching system below for current learning and transfer.

Complete 100-Word Bridge Map

Priority A = high-transfer productive target. Priority B = useful productive/developing target. Priority C = often better kept receptive unless the learner encounters it repeatedly. Priority is about instructional value, not whether a word is “good” or “bad”.

#	Word	Child-accessible meaning	Fence / natural-use note	Priority
1	Absurd	extremely unreasonable or ridiculous	stronger than merely unusual; the idea must clash seriously with reason	A
2	Brevity	shortness in speech or writing	brevity describes length; succinctness adds short + sufficient	B
3	Consequence	a result that follows from an action or condition	often carries importance; not every later event is caused by the earlier one	A
4	Deceive	cause someone to believe something false	separate deceptive effect from proven deliberate deceit	A
5	Elaborate	add relevant detail or explanation	elaboration should develop meaning, not repeat it	A
6	Formidable	powerful, difficult or impressive enough to command respect/fear	stronger than difficult; usually suggests unusual scale or capability	B
7	Gruesome	horrifying because of disturbing injury, death or violence	do not use for ordinary unpleasantness	C
8	Hierarchy	a system arranged in levels or ranks	learn hierarchical; use for ranking/authority or classification	B
9	Illuminate	light up; figuratively, make an idea clearer	physical light vs explanatory clarity	B
10	Justify	give sufficient reasons or evidence for a claim/action	explain is broader; justify must support why something is reasonable	A
11	Kindle	start a fire; figuratively, awaken a feeling or interest	natural: kindle interest/hope/a fire; avoid invented “kindle up/in” phrasal verbs	B
12	Lament	express deep sadness or regret	stronger/more literary than complain	C
13	Monotonous	unvarying and repetitive in a tiring way	repetitive is factual; monotonous adds dullness	B
14	Negligent	failing to take proper care or responsibility	careless may be momentary; negligent often implies a duty of care	A
15	Omit	leave something out	omission can be deliberate or accidental; do not assume deception	A
16	Pensive	deeply thoughtful, often with a serious or slightly sad mood	thoughtful is broader; pensive often carries reflective mood	B
17	Quench	satisfy thirst; extinguish or reduce something such as fire	literal and figurative senses; “quench curiosity” is less common than satisfy	B
18	Reprimand	formally or seriously scold for wrongdoing	stronger/more official than tell off	B
19	Solitude	the state of being alone, often peacefully	solitude need not mean loneliness	B
20	Tedious	too long, repetitive or dull to remain interesting	boring is broad; tedious often comes from prolonged repetition/detail	B
21	Unravel	untangle; figuratively, solve or explain something complex	also means come apart; context decides	B
22	Vex	annoy, frustrate or trouble	less common in everyday speech; good receptive/literary word	C
23	Wistful	sadly longing for something distant, lost or unlikely	nostalgic usually concerns the past; wistful can concern any longing	B
24	Zealous	extremely enthusiastic and committed	can be positive or excessive depending context	C
25	Ambiguous	having more than one reasonable interpretation	vague = not specific; ambiguous = multiple possible meanings	A
26	Boisterous	very noisy, lively and energetic	lively can be pleasant; boisterous often suggests difficult-to-contain energy	B
27	Concur	agree with a view or conclusion	formal; “concur with” is natural	B
28	Detrimental	causing harm or disadvantage	natural: detrimental to; formal alternative to harmful	A
29	Eloquent	clear, fluent and persuasive/effective in expression	not simply “uses difficult words”	B
30	Frugal	careful about spending or using resources	frugal = avoids waste; stingy = unwilling to give/spend even when appropriate	B
31	Hypothetical	imagined for discussion or testing rather than stated as actual fact	hypothetical scenario ≠ false claim	A
32	Immerse	put deeply into a liquid; figuratively, involve fully in an activity/topic	natural: immerse oneself in	B
33	Jovial	cheerful, friendly and good-humoured	more about social mood than simple happiness	C
34	Lucrative	producing a lot of profit or financial gain	profitable is broader/neutral; lucrative often suggests strong profit	C
35	Melancholy	deep or lingering sadness, often reflective	less intense than devastation; often atmospheric/literary	B
36	Nostalgic	feeling affectionate or bittersweet longing for the past	wistful can be broader; nostalgic requires past memory	B
37	Obsolete	no longer used because replaced by something newer/better	old ≠ obsolete; an old tool may still be useful	A
38	Prolific	producing many works, results or offspring	productive is broader; prolific emphasises large output	C
39	Quandary	a difficult situation involving uncertainty about what to do	dilemma often involves difficult alternatives; quandary stresses perplexity	C
40	Resilient	able to recover or continue functioning after difficulty	resilient ≠ unaffected; recovery after impact matters	A
41	Serene	calm, peaceful and untroubled	quiet may be neutral; serene adds peaceful emotional quality	B
42	Trepidation	fearful anxiety about something that may happen	apprehension is close; trepidation often stronger/more literary	B
43	Unyielding	not giving way, bending or changing	can be physical or figurative; not automatically admirable	B
44	Versatile	able to perform many different functions or roles well	flexible adapts; versatile has multiple capabilities/uses	A
45	Wary	careful and watchful because danger or trouble may exist	weary = tired; wary = cautious	A
46	Yen	a strong desire or longing	informal/literary; low-priority productive target	C
47	Zephyr	a gentle breeze	literary; usually receptive unless encountered in text	C
48	Adversary	an opponent or enemy	opponent may be neutral competition; adversary can imply stronger opposition	B
49	Blatant	very obvious, often in an offensive or shameless way	obvious is neutral; blatant often carries criticism	A
50	Coerce	force or pressure someone into acting against free choice	persuade preserves meaningful choice; coerce does not	A
51	Dwindle	become gradually smaller or fewer	plummet is rapid; dwindle is gradual	A
52	Enhance	improve quality, value or effect	increase is quantity; enhance often improves quality/effect	A
53	Fickle	changing loyalties, interests or conditions unpredictably	flexible adapts sensibly; fickle changes unreliably	B
54	Gregarious	sociable and enjoying the company of others	friendly describes behaviour; gregarious describes social inclination	B
55	Haphazard	lacking a clear plan, order or method	random can be deliberate; haphazard usually suggests poor organisation	A
56	Impeccable	without noticeable fault in the relevant standard	strong word; use only where near-flawlessness is justified	B
57	Jubilant	extremely joyful, often after success or good news	stronger than pleased; match intensity to stakes	B
58	Laudable	deserving praise	formal evaluative word; praise should be grounded in action	C
59	Menacing	appearing likely to cause harm or danger	threatening in effect/appearance; does not prove actual harm	B
60	Nonchalant	appearing calmly unconcerned	calm may reflect control; nonchalant can suggest lack of concern	B
61	Obscure	not well known; or difficult to understand/see	multiple meanings; context decides	A
62	Persevere	continue despite difficulty	persistent/tenacious are related; perseverance does not mean repeating a failing method blindly	A
63	Quirk	an unusual characteristic or habit	oddity without necessarily negative judgement	B
64	Revere	feel deep respect or admiration	stronger than respect; can involve almost sacred regard	C
65	Scrupulous	very careful about correctness, detail or moral standards	meticulous focuses detail; scrupulous may add conscientious integrity	B
66	Tranquil	calm and peaceful	close to serene; tranquil often describes place/state, serene can describe person/expression too	B
67	Undermine	weaken gradually or indirectly	damage is broad; undermine often weakens support, confidence or structure	A
68	Venerate	regard with very deep respect	similar to revere; formal and often culturally/religiously marked	C
69	Wallow	roll/lie in mud or water; figuratively, indulge excessively in a feeling	“wallow in self-pity” is a common figurative frame	C
70	Belligerent	hostile, aggressive and ready for conflict	assertive ≠ belligerent; belligerence escalates conflict	B
71	Clamour	a loud confused noise; or strong public demand	British/Singapore spelling; legacy PDF uses “Clamor”	B
72	Discrepancy	a difference between things expected to agree	difference is broad; discrepancy suggests inconsistency worth checking	A
73	Exemplary	excellent enough to serve as a model	strong praise word; evidence should justify model status	B
74	Fathom	understand something difficult or puzzling	often in negative: cannot fathom why/how	C
75	Gluttony	habitual/excessive consumption, especially food	strong moral/behavioural term; not simply “ate a lot once”	C
76	Harbinger	a sign or person indicating something is coming	more literary than sign; often “harbinger of”	C
77	Impetuous	acting quickly without enough thought about consequences	spontaneous can be neutral/positive; impetuous often signals poor judgement	B
78	Juxtapose	place things side by side so differences/similarities become visible	compare is mental/analytical; juxtapose is arrangement for comparison/effect	B
79	Lacklustre	dull, unimpressive or lacking energy	British/Singapore spelling; legacy PDF uses “Lackluster”	B
80	Meticulous	extremely careful about small details	careful is broad; meticulous requires visible precision	A
81	Nefarious	wicked or criminal in a serious way	very strong/literary; do not use for minor misbehaviour	C
82	Ostracise	deliberately exclude someone from a group/community	British/Singapore spelling; stronger than simply not inviting once	B
83	Paramount	more important than anything else in that situation	strongest priority claim; evidence/task must justify it	B
84	Replenish	fill or restore a supply again	natural: replenish supplies/stock/water	A
85	Stagnant	not flowing or developing; inactive	literal water; figurative progress/economy/ideas depending context	A
86	Tenacious	persistent in pursuing a goal despite difficulty	tenacious can adapt; stubborn resists change	A
87	Ubiquitous	seeming to be present everywhere	rhetorical “everywhere”; usually means extremely widespread	B
88	Viable	capable of working successfully in practice	possible ≠ viable; feasibility/resources matter	A
89	Whimsical	playfully unusual, imaginative or fanciful	odd is broad; whimsical often has light imaginative charm	C
90	Xenial	hospitable or relating to hospitality towards guests	very rare; retain mainly as receptive legacy word	C
91	Yearn	long deeply for something	stronger than want; usually emotionally sustained	B
92	Zealot	a person with extreme, sometimes intolerant devotion to a cause	not a neutral synonym for enthusiastic supporter	C
93	Acquiesce	accept or agree without protest, often reluctantly	agree can be willing; acquiesce often yields after resistance	B
94	Belittle	make someone/something seem unimportant or inferior	criticise can be fair; belittle lowers status/value dismissively	A
95	Condone	accept or allow wrongdoing by failing to object/disapprove	understand why ≠ condone	A
96	Disdain	strong feeling that someone/something is unworthy of respect	dislike is broad; disdain adds superiority/scorn	B
97	Expedite	make a process happen more quickly	formal; speed up is natural everyday alternative	B
98	Flaunt	display something deliberately to attract admiration/envy	show is neutral; flaunt implies conspicuous display	B
99	Gruelling	extremely tiring and demanding	British/Singapore spelling; legacy PDF uses “Grueling”	B
100	Haughty	arrogantly superior in attitude or manner	confident ≠ haughty; superiority towards others matters	B

The Bridge Is Not Alphabetical — It Is a Network

The legacy list is retained, but Primary 6 learning improves when words are regrouped by language job.

Network 1 — Reasoning & Response

• justify
• elaborate
• consequence
• ambiguous
• hypothetical
• concur
• discrepancy
• juxtapose
• viable
• paramount
• omit
• brevity

Network 2 — Character, Motive & Social Judgement

• negligent
• resilient
• wary
• coerce
• fickle
• gregarious
• nonchalant
• scrupulous
• belligerent
• impetuous
• tenacious
• haughty
• belittle
• condone
• disdain

Network 3 — Emotion & Atmosphere

• pensive
• wistful
• melancholy
• nostalgic
• serene
• trepidation
• jubilant
• menacing
• tranquil
• lacklustre
• boisterous

Network 4 — Change, Process & Condition

• unravel
• dwindle
• enhance
• undermine
• replenish
• stagnant
• obsolete
• expedite
• immerse
• kindle
• quench

Network 5 — Description, Evaluation & Degree

• absurd
• formidable
• monotonous
• tedious
• detrimental
• eloquent
• frugal
• impeccable
• exemplary
• meticulous
• ubiquitous
• versatile
• gruesome
• whimsical

High-Value Fencing Set

Fence	What changes?
ambiguous / vague	multiple interpretations vs insufficient specificity
resilient / unaffected	recovers after difficulty vs suffers no impact
wary / weary	cautious vs tired
frugal / stingy	avoids waste vs unwilling to give/spend appropriately
nonchalant / calm	apparent unconcern vs emotional control
meticulous / scrupulous	detail precision vs detail/moral conscientiousness
tenacious / stubborn	goal persistence with possible adaptation vs refusal to change
coerce / persuade	force/pressure removes choice vs influence through reasons
obsolete / old	replaced/no longer used vs simply aged
dwindle / plummet	gradual decrease vs rapid steep decrease
haughty / confident	superiority over others vs belief in own ability
condone / understand	accept wrongdoing vs recognise reasons without approving
tranquil / secluded	peaceful state vs location away from activity
jubilant / pleased	very high joy vs moderate satisfaction
blatant / obvious	obvious with critical/shameless connotation vs merely easy to see
viable / possible	can work in practice vs can exist in theory

Morphology — Turn One Word into a Usable Family

Base	Useful family	Sentence job
justify	justify / justification / justifiable	action / reason / quality
deceive	deceive / deception / deceptive	action / event/process / effect
resilient	resilience / resilient	quality noun / adjective
ambiguous	ambiguity / ambiguous / ambiguously	noun / adjective / adverb
detriment	detriment / detrimental / detrimentally	noun / adjective / adverb
enhance	enhance / enhancement / enhanced	action / improvement / modified state
revere	revere / reverence / revered	verb / deep respect / adjective
persevere	persevere / perseverance / persevering	action / quality / continuing action
ostracise	ostracise / ostracism	action / exclusion
replenish	replenish / replenishment	action / restoration

The goal is not to generate every theoretically possible form. Teach the forms a P6 learner is likely to meet or use.

Collocations — Store the Word with Natural Partners

Word	Natural frames
justify	justify a decision / justify the claim / difficult to justify
consequence	serious consequence / consequence of / face the consequences
ambiguous	ambiguous wording / remain ambiguous / deliberately ambiguous
detrimental	detrimental to / detrimental effect
resilient	resilient community / remain resilient / resilient under pressure
wary	wary of / remain wary
meticulous	meticulous records / meticulous attention to detail
viable	viable option / viable solution / commercially viable
discrepancy	discrepancy between / explain a discrepancy
undermine	undermine confidence / undermine an argument / gradually undermine
replenish	replenish supplies / replenish stock
coerce	coerce someone into / coercive pressure

Multiple Meanings Worth Teaching

Word	Sense 1	Sense 2
illuminate	provide light	make an idea clearer
quench	satisfy thirst	extinguish/reduce fire or desire
unravel	untangle/come apart	solve/explain mystery
obscure	not well known	unclear or hidden from view
stagnant	water not flowing	progress/development not moving
wallow	roll/lie in mud/water	indulge excessively in feeling
kindle	start fire	arouse interest/emotion

From Intermediate to Advanced: Upgrade the Decision, Not the Difficulty

Intermediate word	Advanced neighbour	What the advanced word adds
resilient	tenacious	persistent pursuit of goal, not merely recovery
wary	judicious	balanced judgement rather than caution alone
menacing	foreboding	uneasy expectation/atmosphere of coming trouble
ambiguous	nuanced	careful preservation of subtle distinctions rather than multiple possible meanings
discrepancy	contradiction	direct logical clash rather than mere inconsistency/difference
viable	warranted	justified by evidence rather than workable in practice
brevity	succinct	shortness that still preserves sufficiency
meticulous	discerning	fine judgement of quality/reliability rather than detail execution

This is the real bridge: the learner sees how a familiar concept becomes more precise rather than believing the advanced word is simply “better”.

Intermediate Vocabulary for Comprehension

• ambiguous: recognise two plausible interpretations;
• discrepancy: detect details that should agree but do not;
• obscure: interpret unclear/less-known information by context;
• justify: connect answer to evidence;
• consequence: distinguish cause from result;
• hypothetical: separate imagined test case from factual claim;
• omit: notice missing information and whether it matters;
• elaborate: know when a question requires more explanation.

Intermediate Vocabulary for Composition

• wary, pensive, nonchalant: character state;
• boisterous, serene, tranquil, menacing, lacklustre: atmosphere/energy;
• dwindle, undermine, enhance, unravel: change and consequence;
• belittle, coerce, reprimand, condone: social conflict and judgement;
• resilient, tenacious, impetuous, haughty: character traits requiring behavioural evidence.

Do not force all of these into stories. Composition vocabulary should serve action, motive, atmosphere and consequence.

Intermediate Vocabulary for Oral Communication

• justify a viewpoint;
• elaborate with a reason or example;
• identify a viable solution;
• explain a possible consequence;
• remain wary of overclaiming;
• concur or disagree naturally where formal register fits;
• avoid sounding verbose by repeating the same reason.

SEAB’s 21 August 2026 clarification is useful here: oral communication is assessed through effective communication using appropriate vocabulary, sentence structures and pronunciation, not specialised vocabulary or memorised responses.

The 6-Step Intermediate Learning Cycle

1. Encounter: meet the word in a meaningful sentence or passage.
2. Map: explain core meaning and one useful family/collocation.
3. Fence: compare with a plausible neighbour.
4. Retrieve: close the list and recover it from a clue.
5. Transfer: use/interpret it in a different topic.
6. Retest: check after delay and mixed interference.

The 10-Word Weekly Bridge

Do not treat “10” as a universal quota. This is a practical template when ten words are manageable.

Day	Job
Day 1	encounter + explain five words
Day 2	encounter + explain five more; retrieve Day 1
Day 3	Fencing + collocations across all ten
Day 4	comprehension/cloze transfer
Day 5	composition/oral transfer
Weekend	cold mixed retrieval + error repair
Following week	interleave with older words

60 Intermediate Practice Tasks

Meaning & Fencing — 1–20

1. Fence ambiguous from vague.
2. Fence resilient from unaffected.
3. Fence wary from weary.
4. Fence frugal from stingy.
5. Fence nonchalant from calm.
6. Fence meticulous from scrupulous.
7. Fence tenacious from stubborn.
8. Fence coerce from persuade.
9. Fence obsolete from old.
10. Fence dwindle from plummet.
11. Fence haughty from confident.
12. Fence condone from understand.
13. Fence tranquil from secluded.
14. Fence jubilant from pleased.
15. Fence blatant from obvious.
16. Fence viable from possible.
17. Explain why solitude is not loneliness.
18. Explain why a discrepancy is not automatically a contradiction.
19. Explain why a harmful outcome does not prove deception.
20. Explain why an old technology is not necessarily obsolete.

Morphology & Collocation — 21–40

21. Change justify into a noun.
22. Change deceive into an adjective.
23. Change resilient into a noun.
24. Change ambiguous into a noun.
25. Give a noun form related to persevere.
26. Complete: detrimental ___ health.
27. Complete: discrepancy ___ the two records.
28. Complete: wary ___ unfamiliar links.
29. Complete: replenish ___.
30. Complete: viable ___.
31. Complete: meticulous attention ___ detail.
32. Complete: justify ___ decision.
33. Complete: face the ___.
34. Give two natural partners for “enhance”.
35. Give two natural partners for “undermine”.
36. Use “kindle interest” naturally.
37. Explain why “kindle up” is not a useful standard phrasal verb target here.
38. Use “concur with” naturally.
39. Use “ostracise from” or a natural alternative in a sentence.
40. Create one sentence where “obscure” has a different sense from “not famous”.

Retrieval & Transfer — 41–60

41. Retrieve “workable in practice” from memory.
42. Retrieve “become gradually smaller” from memory.
43. Retrieve “difference between records that should agree”.
44. Retrieve “force someone into acting”.
45. Retrieve “extremely careful about small details”.
46. Retrieve “deep longing for the past”.
47. Use consequence in a comprehension answer.
48. Use consequence in a composition scene.
49. Use viable in oral discussion.
50. Use ambiguous in a reading-analysis context.
51. Use haphazard in a study-planning context.
52. Use undermine in a friendship context.
53. Use undermine in an argument/source context.
54. Use resilient in a way that includes recovery after difficulty.
55. Use nonchalant without assuming the person truly does not care.
56. Use meticulous as behavioural evidence.
57. Use scrutinising behaviour but choose whether meticulous is the right label.
58. Move one Priority C word into receptive-only status and explain why.
59. Choose one Priority A word that deserves productive promotion this month.
60. Use five mixed words in an unseen paragraph with no word bank.

Answer Guidance

For Fencing tasks, the answer is not merely which word is “stronger”. The pupil should name the changed semantic feature. For morphology tasks, accept only established useful forms. For transfer tasks, judge accuracy, collocation, evidence and register rather than rewarding inclusion alone.

The Intermediate Error Ledger

Error	Likely problem	Repair
uses synonym that “sounds better”	semantic boundary	Fencing + countercase
correct definition, awkward phrase	collocation	store natural phrase frames
chooses wrong noun/adjective form	morphology	sentence-slot practice
uses jubilant for small event	intensity calibration	evidence threshold
confuses wary/weary	orthographic/semantic confusion	minimal pair in contrasting sentences
recognises but cannot produce	retrieval	meaning/scene → word
uses word only in memorised sentence	transfer	new topic + genre
forces rare Priority C words	prestige over utility	receptive/productive triage

A 10-Week Intermediate→Advanced Programme

Week	Focus	Stress test
1	baseline 100-word recognition + triage	A/B/C priority sorting
2	meaning + high-value Fences	near-neighbour choices
3	morphology	sentence-slot forms
4	collocations	phrase retrieval
5	multiple meanings/context	unseen passage senses
6	comprehension deployment	evidence-linked answers
7	composition deployment	evidence-built word choice
8	oral deployment	viewpoint/reason/example
9	mixed retrieval/interference	no list, random semantic groups
10	advanced bridge	intermediate vs advanced neighbour selection

How to Know the Intermediate Bridge Is Secure

• Most Priority A words can be retrieved from meaning or scene clues.
• Common Fences can be explained quickly.
• Collocations sound natural without a phrase list.
• Word-family form selection is mostly reliable.
• Multiple meanings are resolved through context.
• Composition use is selective rather than forced.
• Comprehension answers use relevant vocabulary precisely.
• The pupil can keep Priority C words receptive without feeling compelled to display them.
• Mixed retrieval remains accurate after a delay.

When to Move to the Primary 6 Advanced Hero

Move forward when the learner’s problem is no longer basic access to words such as justify, consequence, viable, ambiguous, meticulous, discrepancy and undermine, but finer decisions about pertinent vs salient, substantiated vs conclusive, warranted vs unwarranted, succinct vs incomplete and similar advanced distinctions.

Then continue with Top 100 Advanced Vocabulary Words for Primary 6 PSLE English.

Sources & Current Alignment

• MOE Singapore — English Language Syllabus 2020 Primary
• SEAB — PSLE English Paper Designed to Be Fair and Appropriate for Primary 6 Pupils, 17 July 2026
• SEAB — PSLE Oral Examination Aims to Assess Students’ Communication Skills, 21 August 2026
• SEAB — PSLE Formats Examined in 2026

Continue the Primary 6 Vocabulary System

• Primary 6 Advanced Vocabulary — protected hero
• Primary 6 PSLE Vocabulary Readiness
• How to Learn Primary 6 Vocabulary
• How to Improve Primary 6 Vocabulary

The Final Idea

The intermediate bridge exists to make advanced vocabulary safe. It gives the learner dependable words for reasoning, description, judgement and response, while teaching the habits that matter more than rarity: Fencing, collocation, morphology, retrieval and transfer.

Once those habits are secure, the pupil does not need to “sound advanced”. The pupil is ready to make genuinely advanced language decisions.