Parents Guide to PSLE Results and Choosing Secondary Schools by Area | Sembawang

Sembawang families choosing a secondary school after PSLE 2026 have two current mainstream secondary schools in the Sembawang planning area: Canberra Secondary School and Sembawang Secondary School. Both are co-educational, and both have the same historical 2026-intake Posting Group 3 last-posted PSLE Score of 22. That does not mean their daily teaching, student culture or transport are identical. Canberra emphasises visual arts, design and media, while Sembawang highlights critical thinking, media literacy and community leadership.

For 2027 Secondary 1 entry, the previous score of 22 at each school is an earlier cohort’s allocation outcome, not a guaranteed 2027 admission threshold. Neither local school offers a six-year Integrated Programme or a recognised affiliated-primary priority in the current area field. Because there are only two schools in the estate, parents should expand their six school preferences into suitable Woodlands and Yishun schools rather than treating the home planning area as a restriction.

Quick parent summary
• Two local co-educational mainstream schools: Canberra Secondary and Sembawang Secondary.
• 2026-entry historical PG3 last-posted score: 22 at each, with other Posting Group ranges to be checked separately.
• Canberra: Visual Arts, Design and Media; photography, video production and wellbeing-focused Life education.
• Sembawang: media literacy and critical thinking across the curriculum; community youth leadership and student voice.
• Check Canberra, Sembawang Crescent, Admiralty-side and northern Woodlands transport; six choices may include neighbouring estates.

Choosing a secondary school in Sembawang: a clear starting point

The first decision is what the child is eligible to choose. Read the PSLE result slip carefully, including the total score, individual subject Achievement Levels, eligible Posting Group and any Higher Mother Tongue information. Only then shortlist institutions whose educational setting, subjects, language expectations and route meet the child’s needs. A school can sound exciting and still be the wrong four-year daily environment for a particular student.

This guide is dated 1 November 2026 for the children taking PSLE in 2026 and entering Secondary 1 in 2027. The 2026 PSLE results have not yet been released, and the actual cut-off points for the 2027 intake cannot be determined in advance. The score figures in this article refer to the earlier 2025 PSLE cohort admitted to Secondary 1 in 2026. Recheck MOE SchoolFinder for the latest school profile and MOE Secondary 1 Posting instructions for confirmed dates, school codes and submission rules.

Give the child a voice in the choice. Ask what activities they enjoy, what makes a classroom safe enough for them to ask a question, what subject they want to become better at and whether they can imagine the commute on a rainy Tuesday. It is sensible for adults to manage the information and risks, but the student will be the one walking into the school each morning. A family that listens to the child can make a more durable decision than one that ranks every institution by rumour.

The Sembawang school shortlist and historic PSLE score comparisons

The table shows schools in the current geographical field with their historical 2026 Secondary 1 intake score information. For ordinary schools, the figures refer to the previous year’s non-affiliated Posting Group 3 last-posted PSLE Score; where a separate Integrated Programme exists, it is labelled separately. A smaller score is academically stronger. These numbers are historical evidence, not a school ranking or guarantee of 2027 admission.

School and route2026-intake historical last-posted scoreDistinctive learning to investigate
Canberra Secondary School — Co-educational government secondary school; Full SBB22 PG3Visual Arts, Design and Media; photography, videography and compassionate development
Sembawang Secondary School — Co-educational government secondary school; Full SBB22 PG3Critical thinking and media literacy; youth leadership and service

A past last-posted score describes the final student admitted to that programme or Posting Group after an earlier year’s actual applications were processed. It is often called the cut-off point, but it is not a threshold declared in advance for the next year. A pupil scoring better than the previous last-posted score is not excluded for being ‘too strong’. A pupil scoring exactly the previous figure is not guaranteed a place. The 2027 outcome depends on this cohort’s applicants, eligibility, choice patterns and vacancies.

What the different Sembawang schools actually offer

Canberra Secondary School

School and programme: 51 Sembawang Drive, Singapore 757699. Co-educational government secondary school; Full SBB. Canberra’s July 2026 Visual Arts, Design and Media Applied Learning Programme builds practical arts appreciation and technical skills. Tier 1 concentrates on shared foundational knowledge; Tier 2 applies skills through personal projects, including routes through Digital Media in Visual Arts CCA. Its wider L.I.F.E. development curriculum considers relationships, empathy and caring across stages of life, and the school offers applied modules for some students in later years.

Who might find the school suitable? A student curious about filmmaking, photography, digital communication or telling a community story may find engaging opportunities. Parents should ask how the school teaches beginners to frame an image, evaluate the message and use media responsibly. The arts direction does not mean the school abandons Mathematics, Science or a wide CCA offering. A child who needs academic support should be able to ask how the usual Full SBB subject-level arrangements are managed.

The question to take to its open house: How are first-year students introduced to visual storytelling, and which advanced media projects involve selection or a CCA commitment? Ask what all first-year pupils experience, what activities are selected and how the school teaches the ordinary English, Mathematics and Science syllabus. The benefits of a distinctive programme depend on daily teaching, not on a successful competition team’s photograph.

Official school programme source: Read Canberra Secondary School’s current school information. Programmes and CCA availability can change between cohorts, so confirm what applies to the 2027 intake.

Sembawang Secondary School

School and programme: 30 Sembawang Crescent, Singapore 757704. Co-educational government secondary school; Full SBB. The school’s current home page presents its mission around developing leaders and change makers, including a Learning for Life Programme that builds community leaders. Its MOE school programme listing includes critical and inventive thinking through media literacy, helping students evaluate information and communicate responsibly. Parents should distinguish that curriculum direction from the currently offered CCAs and see how media questions are used in English, Humanities and cross-subject learning.

Who might find the school suitable? For a child who would like to grow as a responsible communicator, an attentive citizen or a helpful peer, the community focus deserves exploration. Teachers should be able to explain what a pupil does in a normal lesson when deciding whether a digital claim is reliable, and how leadership starts for a shy or new student. A supportive school environment is about the response to daily difficulties, not merely the number of elected student leaders.

The question to take to its open house: How do the school’s media literacy and community leadership activities operate for ordinary Secondary 1 students, and how is classroom progress supported? Ask what all first-year pupils experience, what activities are selected and how the school teaches the ordinary English, Mathematics and Science syllabus. The benefits of a distinctive programme depend on daily teaching, not on a successful competition team’s photograph.

Official school programme source: Read Sembawang Secondary School’s current school information. Programmes and CCA availability can change between cohorts, so confirm what applies to the 2027 intake.

What geography and the school commute mean in Sembawang

Sembawang and Canberra are adjacent communities, but a home near Canberra MRT, Sembawang MRT, Sembawang Crescent or Sembawang Drive may have different best routes. Canberra Secondary is at 51 Sembawang Drive and Sembawang Secondary is at 30 Sembawang Crescent. Even when the school is nearby on a planning map, the actual bus stop, crossing and covered walkway can affect a child arriving early each morning.

Sembawang MRT and Canberra MRT are on the North–South Line; buses also serve the local streets. A route from a housing block near the Woodlands edge can sometimes make Admiralty Secondary or another Woodlands school more accessible than a local school. Families at the Yishun-facing edge may discover the opposite.

Try walking from home to the stop with the child and observing the departure window on a school morning. Add the return journey when school ends after CCA, with a heavy bag and possible rain. A nominally short trip may not be as independent or comfortable as it first appears if it requires long waits or crossing busy roads.

Because there are just two current local secondary schools, a credible six-school preference list will almost certainly extend beyond Sembawang. Woodlands and Yishun are natural areas to inspect first, although any eligible school with workable transport can be considered. The national exercise does not reserve schools by estate.

The correct travel question is door-to-gate, not ‘How far does the map say?’. Imagine a normal schoolday: a child leaves the home lift lobby, reaches the stop, waits for a bus or train, crosses roads and reports to the correct school entrance. Later, the same child may have two hours of CCA and a return trip in rain or intense heat. These details determine whether the family can maintain sleep, meals, homework and independence.

Try one route during a real school-morning departure window, and a second at a realistic late-CCA dismissal time. An untested assumption such as ‘the school is in our estate, so travel is easy’ can be more misleading than a slightly longer but direct route across an estate boundary. Also check whether the pupil can manage equipment, instruments and bags without requiring daily parental driving for four years.

Important local admissions traps and school-identity checks

The earlier last-posted score of 22 for both Canberra and Sembawang tells us something about the 2026-entry PG3 allocation, not that the institutions are educationally identical. School ethos, the artistic or media-learning direction, class support, CCA availability and the child’s social comfort need separate investigation.

Sembawang’s current two-school planning-area list should not quietly absorb Woodlands schools such as Admiralty, Evergreen or Woodlands Secondary, or Yishun schools such as Ahmad Ibrahim. Those can be valid nearby alternatives without being given the wrong campus location. The broader eduKateSG estate atlas keeps location ownership consistent.

A family’s child’s PSLE Score determines Posting Group eligibility, but it does not determine whether the child enjoys theatre, film, outdoor education, science or community service. Ask which specific activities are provided for everyone and which are selected. A school with a visual-arts direction should not be labelled ‘for artistic students only’.

A nearby address does not provide the Primary 1 distance-priority advantage in ordinary Secondary 1 posting. Families should neither promise a place because the school is within walking distance nor reject a different nearby estate automatically.

These distinctions are important because school identity and route eligibility are facts, not preferences. A historic programme name, a closed campus or an unverified affiliation can turn a carefully arranged six-school form into an invalid or unsuitable list. Check exact schools, current campuses and official programme codes rather than relying on an older spreadsheet or on another parent’s recollection.

How to read the PSLE result and each school’s score range

Each of the four PSLE subjects—English, Mathematics, Science and Mother Tongue—has an Achievement Level. The overall PSLE Score adds those four ALs. For example, English AL3, Mathematics AL4, Science AL3 and Mother Tongue AL4 produce a PSLE Score of 14. The lowest possible total, 4, is the strongest result. This helps with admission, but it does not measure kindness, communication, arts interests, practical skill or a child’s ability to learn after entering a new school.

Read the school score table with two labels in mind: the cohort year and the admission route. A PG3 range cannot simply be compared to an IP or PG1 range as if they describe the same group of applicants. Some Special Assistance Plan schools may display Higher Chinese Language suffixes such as D, M or P, meaning Distinction, Merit or Pass. A parent who copies only the number but omits the suffix may misunderstand why a pupil at the historical last score did or did not obtain a place.

If an earlier school range ends at 18, a child with a better PSLE Score of 16 might have a more plausible historical comparison than a child with 19. Neither is guaranteed a particular result. There may be a shift in demand or enrolment places in the new year. At a tie for the last place, MOE’s prescribed tie-breakers can decide who is allocated to the school. Use these figures to balance risk, not to issue certainties or to make value judgements about children.

A lower historical score is not a scientific measurement of teacher effectiveness, student happiness, kindness, enrichment quality or how much an individual will improve. It reflects the first and last students admitted to that route in an earlier exercise. To judge educational fit, ask for practical information about lessons, remediation, CCAs, school culture, learning support, discipline and how teachers respond when students do not immediately understand.

Posting Group eligibility is different from a subject’s G level

Under Full Subject-Based Banding, a child’s Posting Group is used for Secondary 1 admission and initial subject-level arrangements. Subjects may be studied at G1, G2 or G3 levels according to the applicable rules and student’s strengths. These are not the old permanent Express, Normal (Academic) and Normal (Technical) streams. A child can have an uneven academic profile, learning one subject at a greater level of demand than another when eligible and ready.

As a broad guide, PSLE Scores 4–20 qualify for Posting Group 3; 21–22 offer a choice of Posting Groups 2 or 3; 23–24 qualify for Posting Group 2; a score of 25 can offer a choice of Posting Groups 1 or 2; and 26–30 generally indicate Posting Group 1 subject to MOE’s relevant qualifying conditions. The actual result slip is the authoritative record. Parents of children with Foundation-level subjects, special circumstances or results outside those simplified categories should seek direct guidance rather than apply an internet rule without checking.

When the child can choose between two Posting Groups, the selected group applies to all six school choices in the normal submission. The family should discuss what that implies for the child’s initial subject levels and confidence. There is little value in choosing a group purely because it appears more prestigious if it leaves the pupil unable to understand lessons; equally, a student should have access to the appropriate challenge where their subject performance supports it.

From 2027, the Singapore-Cambridge Secondary Education Certificate (SEC) examinations replace the N- and O-Level system for relevant graduating pupils. Under Full SBB, different subjects may be examined at the applicable G levels. A pupil entering Secondary 1 in 2027 begins under this restructured system. Separate IP programmes lead to their own academic milestones, including A-Level or IB routes depending on the school. Ask the school what the exact progression looks like rather than assuming all secondary pathways end in identical examinations.

What should the six school choices look like?

MOE recommends using all six choices and considering two or three schools where the child’s PSLE Score is better than the earlier cut-off point, while still choosing schools the child actually prefers. This is sensible risk management, not an algorithm that can guarantee a desired school. Start with a longer list of eligible and reachable schools, then narrow it to six that the family would be comfortable with. If the estate has fewer than six schools, consider nearby districts rather than fabricating extra local options.

Choice slotParent’s decision testEvidence to record
1First genuine preference, subject to eligibilityWhy the child wants it; exact programme code and past ranges
2Another school the child actually likesSchool culture, daily teaching and CCA suitability
3Good learning fit with credible admission historyPrevious-year proper PG or IP row and travel
4A realistic option with supportive teachingSubject-specific strengths and support arrangements
5Suitable option with relatively less restrictive historical score evidenceActual cost, transport and whether the child would accept it
6Genuine alternative rather than a throwaway optionCorrect school identity, eligibility and the family’s agreement

Once the family has decided the real preferences, rank them honestly. In ordinary S1 posting, academic merit and eligibility are central. Where students with the same PSLE Score are competing for the final vacancies, MOE applies the standard tie-breakers in this order: citizenship, choice order of that school on the form, then computerised balloting. The choice order can matter for genuinely tied pupils; it is not a way to leapfrog a child with a better eligible score.

Living within one or two kilometres of a school is not a tie-breaker in normal S1 posting, even though the Primary 1 registration process has distance-based rules. A convenient local school is a practical daily benefit, not a guaranteed admissions advantage. A qualified pupil from an officially affiliated primary school may have additional school-specific criteria; these often require ranking the affiliated secondary first and achieving a qualifying result. Confirm the precise requirements and quotas before making any assumptions.

Direct School Admission also needs separate attention. When a child has accepted a confirmed DSA-Sec allocation, the usual S1 posting arrangement generally does not allow them to treat the place as an optional backup while submitting six fresh choices. Check the current official allocation status and specific DSA commitments. Children who made an unsuccessful DSA application should follow the regular process they are eligible for, without assuming their attempt disqualifies them.

Five family situations in Sembawang: how different choices make sense

A PG3 pupil with PSLE Score 20

Both local schools’ previous PG3 last-posted scores were 22, making the child’s 20 a historically more favourable comparison. This does not guarantee admission in 2027. The family should visit or contact both, then compare additional Woodlands and Yishun options in genuine preference order.

For this case, write down one verifiable school fact and one point that depends on the child. A school’s programme, admissions rules or reporting address can be checked. A pupil’s enjoyment of that programme, willingness to travel and comfort with the school culture must be discussed. This distinction helps prevent a family from confusing public statistics with a personal decision.

A child interested in video creation

Canberra’s Visual Arts, Design and Media programme makes photography and videography a meaningful subject for enquiry. Ask how students learn to plan a message, evaluate evidence and distinguish media creation from consuming endless short videos. A child will still need to write, calculate and participate in core subjects.

For this case, write down one verifiable school fact and one point that depends on the child. A school’s programme, admissions rules or reporting address can be checked. A pupil’s enjoyment of that programme, willingness to travel and comfort with the school culture must be discussed. This distinction helps prevent a family from confusing public statistics with a personal decision.

A pupil who wants to help people in the community

Sembawang Secondary’s community youth leadership and media-literacy direction can be worth investigating. Ask for examples of service that begins with listening to another person’s needs, not simply holding an elected role. A shy child can learn leadership gradually if the school offers safe, supported steps.

For this case, write down one verifiable school fact and one point that depends on the child. A school’s programme, admissions rules or reporting address can be checked. A pupil’s enjoyment of that programme, willingness to travel and comfort with the school culture must be discussed. This distinction helps prevent a family from confusing public statistics with a personal decision.

A family trying to stay inside Sembawang with six choices

There are only two current mainstream schools in this district. Do not invent four others to complete a list. Expand to Woodlands and Yishun, compare current official historical score ranges and check actual travel routes, especially after CCA.

For this case, write down one verifiable school fact and one point that depends on the child. A school’s programme, admissions rules or reporting address can be checked. A pupil’s enjoyment of that programme, willingness to travel and comfort with the school culture must be discussed. This distinction helps prevent a family from confusing public statistics with a personal decision.

A child who needs a supportive subject transition

Ask both schools how they identify an English comprehension gap or an unstable Mathematics foundation. The best school for that pupil may be the one whose form teachers and subject teachers explain their intervention and progress-monitoring methods, not the one with the flashiest programme title.

For this case, write down one verifiable school fact and one point that depends on the child. A school’s programme, admissions rules or reporting address can be checked. A pupil’s enjoyment of that programme, willingness to travel and comfort with the school culture must be discussed. This distinction helps prevent a family from confusing public statistics with a personal decision.

What to do during the PSLE results and posting window

The week after results can feel intense for a parent and a child. Keep the conversation about the next step, not about whether the child has impressed the extended family. It is reasonable to celebrate a strong result and also reasonable to acknowledge disappointment; neither emotion should overwhelm the basic task of identifying schools where the teenager can learn and belong. A child needs adults who can make an organised plan without turning a result into a label of lifelong ability.

Questions parents should ask at an open house

Try to turn every slogan into a practical question. ‘We teach 21st-century skills’ should lead to a discussion of how a pupil learns to examine a claim, solve a problem, write an explanation or revise a failed attempt. ‘We support every learner’ should lead to information on how a child asks for help and how progress is monitored. Those everyday procedures matter more than attractive words on a prospectus.

Costs, wellbeing and the first Secondary 1 year

Look at the household budget and timetable together. There may be uniforms, textbooks, personal learning devices, daily meals, transport, occasional camps, instruments or sports equipment, and optional activities. Families should ask about MOE financial assistance and any school schemes for which they qualify. Fees can differ between mainstream, independent and specialised pathways, so compare the exact route rather than assuming all students pay the same amounts.

A child’s first Secondary 1 term involves more than a new syllabus. There are unfamiliar teachers, new timetables, changing peer relationships, several subject homework systems and the expectation of greater self-management. Parents can practise ordinary skills before school starts: planning a route, checking announcements, setting a homework sequence, asking a teacher for an explanation and packing supplies for a CCA day. Those habits can improve the transition at almost any suitable school.

A pupil who has learning, sensory, mobility or emotional difficulties deserves an explicit transition plan. Speak with the primary school about what supports already work and ask the secondary school whether those supports can be provided in its actual setting. Location, lifts, quiet spaces, appropriate academic subject levels, communication procedures and specialist officers may all matter. Do not choose only by an admissions score and discover essential access questions after school begins.

Some children settle socially in a week, while others need a term. Make room for different adjustment speeds. Ask the child about friendships and workload without making every conversation an interrogation. Look for specific patterns—missed instructions, anxiety about one class, fatigue after a long journey or persistent lack of support—and work constructively with the school where necessary.

One-page decision worksheet for parents

Decision dimensionWhat should be verified?Why it matters
EligibilityActual score and Posting Group, programme code, gender and language rulesAvoids invalid or misunderstood choices
Historical posting dataCorrect school, 2026 intake year, PG or IP range, Higher Chinese notationMakes admission risk interpretation more accurate
Curriculum and teachingCore subjects, signature programmes, feedback and learning supportShows how the child can grow beyond the PSLE score
Student belongingSchool culture, friendships, form teachers, wellbeing and available CCAsDetermines daily motivation and confidence
TransportActual home-to-gate morning and late-CCA journeyProtects sleep, energy and family routines
AffordabilityFees, devices, meals, uniform, activities, financial assistanceKeeps the choice sustainable
Child’s viewThe child’s own genuine reasons for liking or fearing each schoolPrevents adults choosing only to impress others

Use this worksheet to notice trade-offs, not to produce a fake numerical ranking. A teenager may prefer a nearby school with strong pastoral support over a longer commute to a more selective institution. Another child might value a genuinely unusual curriculum enough to accept extra travel. Both decisions can be sensible when eligibility, learning and family capacity have been assessed honestly.

Frequently asked questions for Sembawang families

How many secondary schools are currently in Sembawang?

Two in this local mainstream field: Canberra Secondary and Sembawang Secondary.

Are both schools co-educational?

Yes. A pupil seeking a girls-only or boys-only environment must consider eligible options elsewhere.

Does either offer IP?

No six-year IP route is offered among these two schools in the current area list.

Is there an affiliated-primary advantage at either?

The current local comparison records no affiliated primary for either; confirm current official school profiles.

Do their identical 2026-entry PG3 scores make the schools interchangeable?

No. Identical earlier last-posted scores do not measure teaching quality, pupil support, school environment, commute or programme suitability.

Can my child rank Woodlands or Yishun schools while living in Sembawang?

Yes, subject to current eligibility. Secondary 1 Posting is a national exercise, not a town-only allocation.

If the score matches a previous cut-off, is admission certain?

No. The historical score describes the last admitted student in an earlier exercise. The current allocation depends on this year’s applications, vacancies and any applicable tie-breakers. A realistic six-choice list does not rely on a promise at the last-posted score.

Are more selective schools always better?

No. Earlier admission selectiveness is not a measure of instructional quality or individual fit. The child’s support needs, subject strengths, friendships, school culture, programmes and daily travel should all influence the decision.

Can a child living in Sembawang choose schools elsewhere?

Yes, if the child meets the programme eligibility and uses a valid school choice. Many families have a faster or more suitable route across a planning-area boundary. Secondary 1 school choice is not restricted by town of residence.

Sources, official rules and related parent reading

Data limitation: this independent parent guide was prepared on 1 November 2026. PSLE figures are historical outcomes for the 2026 Secondary 1 intake, based on the 2025 PSLE cohort, and not forecasts of the 2027 intake’s final cut-off points. School addresses, programmes, fees, affiliated routes and DSA rules must be checked with MOE and the individual schools before a live submission. A useful guide should help families identify which claims are current facts and which decisions require their own judgement.

The best secondary school choice for a Sembawang child

Ask three questions in order. Can the pupil enter? Check score, Posting Group, exact institution and programme eligibility. Can the pupil grow? Compare the real curriculum, teaching support, friendships and opportunities to develop interests. Can the household sustain it? Test the commute, weekly timetable, finances and child’s independence. If all three are credible, the school deserves serious consideration whatever its perceived prestige.

A twelve-year-old does not need a complete career plan. They need the next learning environment to be appropriate, challenging and supportive enough to develop stronger foundations, better reasoning, new friendships and the confidence to try unfamiliar things. Use the six-school decision carefully, then help the child make the most of the new chapter after the posting result arrives.

Explore the connected learning guides

Choose the question that brought you here. Open one useful guide, try a small task, and stop when you have what you need.

Take one question further

The same learning habit can travel across subjects, while each subject keeps its own methods. These routes help you notice a difficulty, understand one part of it, and return to something you can do.

A word is familiar, but using it is difficult.

Move from recognising a word to retrieving it in a new context. Understand vocabulary plateaus.

Try it without the guide: Choose one word you already know. Close the guide and use it in a new sentence. Explain why it fits; try another context tomorrow.

A piece of writing has ideas, but the reader loses the thread.

Make the order of events and the links between sentences clear. Explore composition writing.

Try it without the guide: Choose one short paragraph. Read the relevant explanation, close it, and revise the paragraph. Ask someone to tell you what happened and why.

The Mathematics seems familiar, but marks still disappear.

Find the first point where the working stops being reliable. Find Secondary 4 A-Math mark leakage.

Try it without the guide: For a Secondary 4 A-Math question you have attempted, locate the first uncertain line. Repair that step, then try a comparable question without the worked answer.

A Science fact is remembered, but the explanation is incomplete.

Connect the evidence to a scientific idea and the resulting change. Follow the Primary Science learning route.

Try it without the guide: Choose a familiar Primary Science example. Explain the evidence, the idea and the result without notes. Then change one condition and explain your prediction.

Two accounts of the world seem to disagree.

Check the question, source, date and evidence before combining claims. Explore the World Knowledge research library.

Try it without the guide: Take one claim. Find the source best placed to support it, note its date, and state what remains uncertain. Return to your original question.

There is plenty of help, but independence is hard to see.

Check what the learner can understand and do after support is removed. Understand how education works.

Try it without the guide: Choose one small task the child has practised. Agree on a calm, brief attempt without prompts. Use what happens to choose one next step, then stop.

For the structure behind these connections, read the eduKateSingapore runtime manifest and the eduKate ecosystem boot contract. The reader map describes public navigation; those manifests preserve the wider ownership and return rules.