This Secondary 3 Advanced Academic Collocations collection is built for Grade 9 students who already know individual academic words but need stronger control of lexical bundles, phrase frames, verb–noun partnerships, adjective–noun combinations and natural academic English. The problem at this stage is rarely a lack of isolated vocabulary. It is knowing which words English expects to travel together.

Advanced collocation control improves essays because it reduces assembly time. A student who retrieves qualify a claim, draw a distinction, underlying assumption or plausible explanation as one unit can spend more attention on evidence and reasoning. The same student is less likely to produce grammatically possible but unnatural combinations such as do a claim or make evidence.

This collection therefore goes beyond meanings. Each of the 100 collocations is treated as a selection pattern: what the head word selects, which substitutions remain natural, what grammar surrounds the chunk, and what reasoning move the phrase performs. The target is phrase-level fluency rather than thesaurus-style variation.

Iona tracks what collocations signal during reading, Maren tests whether a phrase sounds natural in formal prose, and Leonie trains rapid retrieval under time pressure. A collocation is mastered when the entire chunk arrives quickly, survives a change of topic and remains grammatically stable when its complement changes.

The 100 advanced collocation controls

1. Support a claim

Core use: Support a claim means provide evidence or reasoning that makes a claim more defensible. Grammar frame: evidence supports a claim that… Example: “The survey results support the claim that travel time affects participation.” Avoid support to a claim in this structure. The verb already takes the noun directly.

Advanced control: Treat Support a claim as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Support a claim. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

2. Make a claim

Core use: Make a claim means state something as true or defensible. Common forms include make a strong claim , make a causal claim and make the claim that… Example: “The writer makes the claim that convenience should not outweigh safety.” Use make , not do , because English convention treats a claim as something formulated or asserted.

Advanced control: Treat Make a claim as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Make a claim. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

3. Present evidence

Core use: Present evidence means introduce evidence for consideration. Example: “The report presents evidence from interviews and attendance records.” Contrast with prove : presenting evidence does not guarantee that the issue is settled. Iona uses the phrase when a source contributes support but the conclusion still requires evaluation.

Advanced control: Treat Present evidence as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Present evidence. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

4. Provide evidence

Core use: Provide evidence means supply information that supports or tests a claim. Grammar frame: provide evidence for/of… Example: “The experiment provides evidence for a relationship between sleep and recall.” The phrase is slightly more functional than present evidence : provide stresses supplying support; present stresses introducing it to the reader.

Advanced control: Treat Provide evidence as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Provide evidence. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

5. Cite a source

Core use: Cite a source means identify the source from which information, wording or evidence comes. Example: “Maren cites the original report rather than a reposted summary.” Do not confuse citation with evidence quality. A weak source can be cited correctly. Citation makes origin visible; evaluation decides how much trust the source deserves.

Advanced control: Treat Cite a source as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Cite a source. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

6. Draw a conclusion

Core use: Draw a conclusion means reason from evidence toward a judgement. Example: “It is too early to draw a conclusion from one week of data.” The phrase is common in analysis, Science and comprehension. Avoid draw up a conclusion ; draw up normally means prepare a formal document or plan.

Advanced control: Treat Draw a conclusion as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Draw a conclusion. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

7. Reach a conclusion

Core use: Reach a conclusion means arrive at a judgement after reasoning or investigation. Example: “The researchers reach a tentative conclusion after comparing both groups.” Draw a conclusion emphasises inference from evidence; reach a conclusion emphasises arriving at the endpoint. Both are highly natural academic combinations.

Advanced control: Treat Reach a conclusion as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Reach a conclusion. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

8. Challenge an assumption

Core use: Challenge an assumption means question whether something taken for granted is justified. Example: “The comparison challenges the assumption that lower cost always produces better value.” The collocation is valuable in argumentative writing because strong analysis often examines what an argument quietly depends on.

Advanced control: Treat Challenge an assumption as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Challenge an assumption. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

9. Question a premise

Core use: Question a premise means examine whether a starting proposition in an argument should be accepted. Example: “The rebuttal questions the premise that all users have identical needs.” Contrast with reject a premise : questioning opens evaluation; rejecting states a stronger conclusion.

Advanced control: Treat Question a premise as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Question a premise. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

10. Justify a position

Core use: Justify a position means give defensible reasons and evidence for a stance. Example: “The writer justifies her position with cost data and access statistics.” A position is not justified merely because it is stated confidently. The collocation implies a reasoning burden.

Advanced control: Treat Justify a position as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Justify a position. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

11. Compelling evidence

Core use: Compelling evidence is evidence that strongly persuades because of its quality, relevance or explanatory power. Example: “Repeated measurements across independent samples provide compelling evidence of a stable pattern.” Do not treat compelling as identical to conclusive ; evidence can be highly persuasive without settling every question.

Advanced control: Treat Compelling evidence as a modifier or noun phrase + head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Compelling evidence. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

12. Credible source

Core use: A credible source is a source that deserves trust because its expertise, method, evidence or transparency is strong enough for the claim being made. Example: “Iona checks whether the statistic comes from a credible source.” Credibility is claim-specific: a source can be credible on one topic and weak on another.

Advanced control: Treat Credible source as a modifier or noun phrase + head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Credible source. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

13. Reliable measure

Core use: A reliable measure produces consistent results under comparable conditions. Example: “The repeated test appears to be a reliable measure of recall.” Reliability does not automatically guarantee validity. A measure can consistently measure the wrong construct.

Advanced control: Treat Reliable measure as a modifier or noun phrase + head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Reliable measure. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

14. Valid conclusion

Core use: A valid conclusion is a conclusion that is properly supported by the evidence and reasoning used. Example: “The data support a valid conclusion about this class, but not the whole population.” The phrase encourages scope control: a conclusion can be valid when narrow and invalid when overgeneralised.

Advanced control: Treat Valid conclusion as a modifier or noun phrase + head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Valid conclusion. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

15. Relevant evidence

Core use: Relevant evidence directly bears on the claim or question. Example: “The writer includes relevant evidence about transport access rather than general population growth.” Accurate information can still be irrelevant. In timed writing, relevance is often the first filter before strength is considered.

Advanced control: Treat Relevant evidence as a modifier or noun phrase + head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Relevant evidence. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

16. Sufficient evidence

Core use: Sufficient evidence means enough evidence in strength or quantity for the conclusion being drawn. Example: “One testimonial is relevant but not sufficient evidence for a national claim.” The phrase helps students distinguish connection from adequacy: evidence can be relevant without being sufficient.

Advanced control: Treat Sufficient evidence as a modifier or noun phrase + head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Sufficient evidence. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

17. Tentative conclusion

Core use: A tentative conclusion is provisional and open to revision because evidence remains incomplete. Example: “The small sample supports only a tentative conclusion.” Tentative language is not weak writing when uncertainty is real; it is calibrated writing.

Advanced control: Treat Tentative conclusion as a modifier or noun phrase + head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Tentative conclusion. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

18. Significant finding

Core use: A significant finding is a result that matters to the research question, and in some contexts may also meet a statistical threshold. Example: “The most significant finding is the persistence of the effect after four weeks.” Students should clarify whether significance means important or statistically significant.

Advanced control: Treat Significant finding as a modifier or noun phrase + head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Significant finding. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

19. Major limitation

Core use: A major limitation is an important boundary or weakness that restricts interpretation or use. Example: “A major limitation is the absence of a comparison group.” The phrase evaluates without dismissing the whole study. Strong academic writing often names limitations precisely rather than using broad negative labels.

Advanced control: Treat Major limitation as a modifier or noun phrase + head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Major limitation. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

20. Reasonable inference

Core use: A reasonable inference is a conclusion that fits the available evidence without claiming certainty. Example: “Given the repeated delays, it is a reasonable inference that capacity is insufficient.” The collocation is especially useful in comprehension and source analysis, where the answer must go beyond explicit wording but remain evidence-based.

Advanced control: Treat Reasonable inference as a modifier or noun phrase + head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Reasonable inference. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

21. Conduct an analysis

Core use: Conduct an analysis means carry out a systematic examination of evidence, data or structure. Example: “The team conducts an analysis of error patterns before changing the programme.” Conduct is a common formal verb with analysis , though perform an analysis is also natural.

Advanced control: Treat Conduct an analysis as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Conduct an analysis. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

22. Offer an interpretation

Core use: Offer an interpretation means propose an evidence-based account of meaning. Example: “The student offers an interpretation of the character’s silence as restrained anger.” Offer leaves room for alternatives, making it useful when meaning is arguable rather than certain.

Advanced control: Treat Offer an interpretation as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Offer an interpretation. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

23. Explain a mechanism

Core use: Explain a mechanism means show how a process produces an effect. Example: “The essay identifies stress as a factor but does not explain the mechanism linking stress to recall.” This collocation pushes writing beyond naming a cause toward explaining how the causal pathway works.

Advanced control: Treat Explain a mechanism as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Explain a mechanism. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

24. Identify a pattern

Core use: Identify a pattern means recognise a recurring regularity across observations. Example: “Iona identifies a pattern of escalating language across the passage.” The phrase is useful in literature, data interpretation and error analysis. Identification should be followed by explanation of significance.

Advanced control: Treat Identify a pattern as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Identify a pattern. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

25. Establish a relationship

Core use: Establish a relationship means provide enough evidence to show that two things are meaningfully connected. Example: “The data establish a relationship between practice frequency and recall.” Avoid upgrading relationship to causal relationship unless the evidence supports causation.

Advanced control: Treat Establish a relationship as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Establish a relationship. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

26. Draw a distinction

Core use: Draw a distinction means state an important difference between related concepts. Example: “The essay draws a distinction between equality and equity.” This is a high-value phrase because sophisticated academic writing often improves by separating ideas that initially look similar.

Advanced control: Treat Draw a distinction as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Draw a distinction. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

27. Make a comparison

Core use: Make a comparison means examine two or more things using a shared basis. Example: “The writer makes a comparison between short-term cost and long-term benefit.” Better analysis states the comparison criterion rather than merely placing two examples beside each other.

Advanced control: Treat Make a comparison as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Make a comparison. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

28. Highlight a contrast

Core use: Highlight a contrast means draw attention to a meaningful difference. Example: “The final paragraph highlights a contrast between public perception and measured risk.” The verb highlight signals emphasis, not just existence of a difference.

Advanced control: Treat Highlight a contrast as a modifier or noun phrase + head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Highlight a contrast. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

29. Assess significance

Core use: Assess significance means judge how important, meaningful or statistically notable a result is. Example: “The response identifies the event but does not assess its historical significance.” The phrase moves writing from description toward evaluation.

Advanced control: Treat Assess significance as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Assess significance. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

30. Evaluate effectiveness

Core use: Evaluate effectiveness means judge how well a method, programme or policy achieves its intended outcome. Example: “Delayed testing is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the revision strategy.” The collocation requires a stated outcome; without one, effectiveness cannot be judged clearly.

Advanced control: Treat Evaluate effectiveness as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Evaluate effectiveness. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

31. Causal relationship

Core use: A causal relationship is a relationship in which change in one factor contributes to producing change in another. Example: “The study reports an association but does not establish a causal relationship.” This phrase should be reserved for stronger evidence than simple correlation.

Advanced control: Treat Causal relationship as a modifier or noun phrase + head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Causal relationship. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

32. Contributing factor

Core use: A contributing factor is one element that helps produce an outcome without necessarily being the sole cause. Example: “Time pressure is a contributing factor in careless errors.” The collocation is safer than the cause when multiple influences are likely.

Advanced control: Treat Contributing factor as a modifier or noun phrase + head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Contributing factor. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

33. Underlying mechanism

Core use: An underlying mechanism is the deeper process that explains how an observed effect occurs. Example: “The pattern is clear, but the underlying mechanism remains uncertain.” The phrase is useful when surface relationships are visible but the causal process has not been fully explained.

Advanced control: Treat Underlying mechanism as a modifier or noun phrase + head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Underlying mechanism. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

34. Measurable outcome

Core use: A measurable outcome is a result defined clearly enough to be observed or quantified. Example: “Delayed recall is a measurable outcome, whereas ‘better learning’ is too vague by itself.” Academic evaluation improves when intended outcomes can actually be checked.

Advanced control: Treat Measurable outcome as a modifier or noun phrase + head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Measurable outcome. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

35. Control a variable

Core use: Control a variable means keep a variable constant or account for it so its influence does not confuse interpretation. Example: “The experiment controls temperature while changing light exposure.” The phrase is central to experimental reasoning and causal claims.

Advanced control: Treat Control a variable as a modifier or noun phrase + head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Control a variable. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

36. Test a hypothesis

Core use: Test a hypothesis means collect and analyse evidence relevant to a proposed explanation or prediction. Example: “The experiment tests the hypothesis that spaced practice improves delayed recall.” A hypothesis is tested, supported or rejected to some degree; it is not simply “proved” by one result.

Advanced control: Treat Test a hypothesis as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Test a hypothesis. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

37. Collect data

Core use: Collect data means gather observations, measurements or recorded information systematically. Example: “The class collects data at the same time each day.” Avoid collect datas ; data is normally treated as a plural or mass-like academic noun depending on style, not as a count noun with datas .

Advanced control: Treat Collect data as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Collect data. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

38. Analyse data

Core use: Analyse data means examine recorded information for patterns, relationships or answers. Example: “The students analyse data before deciding whether the hypothesis is supported.” Collection and analysis are separate stages; having data does not automatically produce evidence-based understanding.

Advanced control: Treat Analyse data as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Analyse data. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

39. Estimate probability

Core use: Estimate probability means approximate the likelihood of an event when exact calculation or complete information is unavailable. Example: “The model estimates the probability of delay under heavy demand.” The phrase combines quantitative reasoning with explicit uncertainty.

Advanced control: Treat Estimate probability as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Estimate probability. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

40. Calculate a rate

Core use: Calculate a rate means express occurrence relative to time, population or another denominator. Example: “The students calculate an error rate rather than comparing raw error counts.” Rates often make comparisons fairer when groups have different numbers of opportunities.

Advanced control: Treat Calculate a rate as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Calculate a rate. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

41. Develop an argument

Core use: Develop an argument means extend a central position through linked reasons, evidence and explanation. Example: “The essay develops an argument rather than listing disconnected points.” Development requires progression: each paragraph should add something to the same line of reasoning.

Advanced control: Treat Develop an argument as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Develop an argument. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

42. Address a counterargument

Core use: Address a counterargument means respond seriously to an opposing line of reasoning. Example: “The writer addresses the counterargument that the programme is too expensive.” Addressing does not mean dismissing. It may involve concession, rebuttal, qualification or partial agreement.

Advanced control: Treat Address a counterargument as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Address a counterargument. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

43. Make a concession

Core use: Make a concession means acknowledge that part of an opposing point is valid. Example: “The essay makes a concession about short-term cost before defending long-term value.” A concession strengthens credibility when it recognises real complexity rather than pretending the other side has no valid concern.

Advanced control: Treat Make a concession as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Make a concession. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

44. Offer a rebuttal

Core use: Offer a rebuttal means give a reasoned response to an opposing claim. Example: “Maren offers a rebuttal by showing that the comparison groups were not equivalent.” Offer suits academic tone because the response is presented for evaluation rather than declared unbeatable.

Advanced control: Treat Offer a rebuttal as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Offer a rebuttal. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

45. Qualify a claim

Core use: Qualify a claim means limit or refine it so it matches the available evidence more accurately. Example: “The writer qualifies the claim by adding ‘under these conditions’.” Qualification is not weakness. It often makes an argument more defensible.

Advanced control: Treat Qualify a claim as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Qualify a claim. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

46. Strengthen an argument

Core use: Strengthen an argument means improve its support, logic, scope or response to objections. Example: “A second independent source strengthens the argument.” Stronger vocabulary alone does not strengthen an argument unless it improves meaning or evidence.

Advanced control: Treat Strengthen an argument as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Strengthen an argument. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

47. Weaken a claim

Core use: Weaken a claim means reduce how strongly it is supported or how broadly it can be accepted. Example: “The missing baseline weakens the claim that the intervention caused improvement.” Limitations can weaken a claim without invalidating every part of it.

Advanced control: Treat Weaken a claim as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Weaken a claim. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

48. Support a conclusion

Core use: Support a conclusion means provide enough evidence and reasoning for the final judgement. Example: “The combined evidence supports a cautious conclusion about short-term effectiveness.” Note the direction: evidence supports the conclusion; the conclusion does not support the evidence.

Advanced control: Treat Support a conclusion as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Support a conclusion. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

49. Provide justification

Core use: Provide justification means give reasons explaining why a decision, claim or recommendation is warranted. Example: “The response identifies an answer but does not provide justification.” In academic tasks, justification often matters as much as the selected answer.

Advanced control: Treat Provide justification as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Provide justification. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

50. Maintain coherence

Core use: Maintain coherence means keep ideas logically connected across sentences and paragraphs. Example: “Repeated reference to the central question helps maintain coherence.” Transitions can help, but coherence ultimately comes from conceptual connection rather than linking words alone.

Advanced control: Treat Maintain coherence as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Maintain coherence. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

51. Underlying assumption

Core use: An underlying assumption is an assumption operating beneath the surface of an argument. Example: “The underlying assumption is that all users value speed equally.” This collocation is especially useful when an argument’s visible claims depend on an unstated belief.

Advanced control: Treat Underlying assumption as a modifier or noun phrase + head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Underlying assumption. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

52. Practical implication

Core use: A practical implication is a real-world consequence for action, policy or decision-making. Example: “A practical implication is that training must begin before the system launches.” The phrase moves analysis from what a result means to what should change because of it.

Advanced control: Treat Practical implication as a modifier or noun phrase + head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Practical implication. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

53. Broader context

Core use: Broader context means the wider historical, social, scientific or situational frame surrounding a detail. Example: “The quotation becomes clearer when placed in the broader context of the debate.” The collocation prevents narrow reading of isolated evidence.

Advanced control: Treat Broader context as a modifier or noun phrase + head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Broader context. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

54. Central issue

Core use: The central issue is the main question, problem or point of dispute. Example: “The central issue is not whether technology is useful, but who can access it.” Identifying the central issue helps prevent essays from drifting toward interesting but secondary details.

Advanced control: Treat Central issue as a modifier or noun phrase + head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Central issue. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

55. Key factor

Core use: A key factor is an especially important contributing element. Example: “Prior knowledge is a key factor in comprehension.” Use the phrase carefully: key is a strong evaluation and should be supported rather than used as decoration.

Advanced control: Treat Key factor as a modifier or noun phrase + head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Key factor. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

56. Significant difference

Core use: A significant difference is a difference that matters to the question, or in statistical contexts one that meets a defined test. Example: “There is a significant difference in delayed recall between the groups.” Students should specify whether significance is practical, conceptual or statistical.

Advanced control: Treat Significant difference as a modifier or noun phrase + head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Significant difference. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

57. Substantial evidence

Core use: Substantial evidence means a considerable body or amount of supporting evidence. Example: “There is substantial evidence that repeated retrieval improves long-term retention.” Substantial stresses quantity or strength, while compelling stresses persuasive power.

Advanced control: Treat Substantial evidence as a modifier or noun phrase + head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Substantial evidence. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

58. Plausible explanation

Core use: A plausible explanation is an explanation that fits the known facts and could reasonably be true. Example: “Measurement error is a plausible explanation for the unusual result.” Plausibility does not equal proof; it identifies an explanation worth considering.

Advanced control: Treat Plausible explanation as a modifier or noun phrase + head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Plausible explanation. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

59. Coherent argument

Core use: A coherent argument is one whose claims, evidence and reasoning form a logically connected whole. Example: “The essay contains useful facts but not yet a coherent argument.” Coherence is about relationships among parts, not simply grammatical correctness.

Advanced control: Treat Coherent argument as a modifier or noun phrase + head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Coherent argument. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

60. Nuanced interpretation

Core use: A nuanced interpretation recognises subtle differences, qualifications or competing explanations. Example: “A nuanced interpretation sees the character as both ambitious and insecure.” The phrase is useful when evidence resists a simple one-label reading.

Advanced control: Treat Nuanced interpretation as a modifier or noun phrase + head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Nuanced interpretation. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

61. Implement a policy

Core use: Implement a policy means put an adopted policy into practice. Example: “The school implements the policy through staff training and new procedures.” A policy can exist on paper without being implemented effectively.

Advanced control: Treat Implement a policy as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Implement a policy. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

62. Enforce a regulation

Core use: Enforce a regulation means ensure that an official rule is followed, usually through authority and consequences. Example: “The agency enforces the regulation through inspections.” Do not confuse implementation with enforcement: implementation puts a system into operation; enforcement ensures compliance with a rule.

Advanced control: Treat Enforce a regulation as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Enforce a regulation. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

63. Exercise authority

Core use: Exercise authority means use legitimate power to decide, direct or enforce. Example: “The committee exercises authority within the limits of its mandate.” This phrase is more precise than simply saying an institution “has power”.

Advanced control: Treat Exercise authority as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Exercise authority. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

64. Ensure accountability

Core use: Ensure accountability means create processes that make decision-makers answerable for actions and outcomes. Example: “Independent review helps ensure accountability.” Accountability usually requires visibility, standards and consequences, not just responsibility.

Advanced control: Treat Ensure accountability as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Ensure accountability. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

65. Assume responsibility

Core use: Assume responsibility means accept a duty or take ownership of an action or outcome. Example: “The organisation assumes responsibility for correcting the error.” In another sense, assume can mean suppose; context makes the phrase clear.

Advanced control: Treat Assume responsibility as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Assume responsibility. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

66. Improve access

Core use: Improve access means make a service, resource or opportunity easier to reach or use. Example: “Remote consultation may improve access for rural communities.” Availability alone does not guarantee access if cost, distance, language or eligibility remain barriers.

Advanced control: Treat Improve access as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Improve access. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

67. Promote equity

Core use: Promote equity means support fair opportunity or distribution while considering relevant differences in need or circumstance. Example: “Targeted support may promote equity when starting conditions differ.” The phrase should be connected to a clear fairness mechanism.

Advanced control: Treat Promote equity as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Promote equity. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

68. Protect welfare

Core use: Protect welfare means safeguard people’s well-being, safety or interests. Example: “Safety standards are designed to protect worker welfare.” The phrase can appear in ethical, legal, social and policy writing.

Advanced control: Treat Protect welfare as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Protect welfare. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

69. Assess feasibility

Core use: Assess feasibility means judge whether a plan can realistically be carried out under existing constraints. Example: “The team assesses feasibility before recommending expansion.” Feasibility can be technical, financial, operational or political depending on context.

Advanced control: Treat Assess feasibility as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Assess feasibility. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

70. Improve efficiency

Core use: Improve efficiency means reduce waste of time, effort, energy or cost while preserving useful output. Example: “Automation may improve efficiency without improving effectiveness.” The distinction matters: doing something more cheaply is not automatically the same as achieving the right result.

Advanced control: Treat Improve efficiency as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Improve efficiency. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

71. Achieve an outcome

Core use: Achieve an outcome means successfully produce an intended result. Example: “The programme achieves the short-term outcome but not durable transfer.” The collocation encourages writers to specify the outcome rather than use vague praise such as “it works well”.

Advanced control: Treat Achieve an outcome as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Achieve an outcome. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

72. Improve effectiveness

Core use: Improve effectiveness means increase how well a method or programme achieves its intended result. Example: “Feedback timing may improve the effectiveness of practice.” Effectiveness should always be tied to a target outcome.

Advanced control: Treat Improve effectiveness as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Improve effectiveness. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

73. Increase reliability

Core use: Increase reliability means make a measure, process or system more consistent and dependable. Example: “Standardised instructions increase the reliability of the test.” The collocation is common in research and system design.

Advanced control: Treat Increase reliability as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Increase reliability. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

74. Reduce uncertainty

Core use: Reduce uncertainty means decrease the range of plausible values, explanations or outcomes. Example: “A larger sample may reduce uncertainty around the estimate.” Evidence often reduces uncertainty without eliminating it completely.

Advanced control: Treat Reduce uncertainty as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Reduce uncertainty. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

75. Minimise bias

Core use: Minimise bias means reduce systematic distortion in sampling, measurement, reasoning or reporting. Example: “Random selection can help minimise selection bias.” Academic writing usually avoids claiming bias has been completely eliminated unless there is strong justification.

Advanced control: Treat Minimise bias as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Minimise bias. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

76. Build resilience

Core use: Build resilience means increase the capacity to recover or continue functioning after disruption. Example: “Backup systems build resilience against outages.” In learning, spaced practice and error correction can build resilience against forgetting or pressure.

Advanced control: Treat Build resilience as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Build resilience. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

77. Support adaptation

Core use: Support adaptation means help a person or system adjust to changing conditions. Example: “Flexible training supports adaptation when software changes.” The phrase is useful across biology, climate, education and organisational change.

Advanced control: Treat Support adaptation as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Support adaptation. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

78. Ensure sustainability

Core use: Ensure sustainability means create conditions that allow an activity or system to continue without unacceptable cost or depletion. Example: “Stable funding is necessary to ensure sustainability.” Because ensure is strong, use it when the condition genuinely secures continued operation; otherwise support sustainability may be safer.

Advanced control: Treat Ensure sustainability as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Ensure sustainability. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

79. Introduce innovation

Core use: Introduce innovation means bring a useful new idea, process or application into a system. Example: “The redesign introduces innovation without discarding reliable existing procedures.” Innovation should imply useful novelty, not novelty for its own sake.

Advanced control: Treat Introduce innovation as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Introduce innovation. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

80. Overcome a constraint

Core use: Overcome a constraint means find a way around or remove a limiting condition. Example: “Asynchronous access helps overcome the time constraint.” Some constraints cannot be removed and must instead be managed; the verb should match reality.

Advanced control: Treat Overcome a constraint as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Overcome a constraint. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

81. Shape perception

Core use: Shape perception means influence how something is noticed, interpreted or understood. Example: “Repeated headlines can shape public perception of risk.” The phrase does not imply complete control; shape signals influence over the interpretive frame.

Advanced control: Treat Shape perception as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Shape perception. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

82. Influence behaviour

Core use: Influence behaviour means affect what people do without necessarily determining it. Example: “Social norms influence behaviour even without formal rules.” The collocation separates influence from control and is useful in psychology, economics and social analysis.

Advanced control: Treat Influence behaviour as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Influence behaviour. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

83. Affect motivation

Core use: Affect motivation means change the willingness or drive to act. Example: “Repeated failure can affect motivation even when ability remains stable.” Note the spelling: affect is usually the verb; effect is usually the noun, though exceptions exist.

Advanced control: Treat Affect motivation as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Affect motivation. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

84. Form an identity

Core use: Form an identity means develop a sense of self or group belonging over time. Example: “Language, memory and community help form a shared identity.” Identity formation is usually gradual and multi-factorial rather than caused by one event.

Advanced control: Treat Form an identity as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Form an identity. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

85. Reflect culture

Core use: Reflect culture means reveal or express cultural values, practices or assumptions. Example: “The festival reflects local culture through food, language and ritual.” Reflecting culture is not identical to representing every member of a culture.

Advanced control: Treat Reflect culture as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Reflect culture. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

86. Challenge a norm

Core use: Challenge a norm means question or resist a shared expectation about acceptable or typical behaviour. Example: “The campaign challenges the norm that only experts should speak publicly about the issue.” The phrase is common in social, literary and historical analysis.

Advanced control: Treat Challenge a norm as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Challenge a norm. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

87. Follow a convention

Core use: Follow a convention means use an accepted practice or form. Example: “Formal reports follow conventions for headings, evidence and citation.” A writer can follow a convention, adapt it or deliberately break it for effect.

Advanced control: Treat Follow a convention as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Follow a convention. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

88. Express an attitude

Core use: Express an attitude means communicate an evaluative stance or feeling toward something. Example: “Word choice expresses a dismissive attitude toward the opposing view.” Tone can express attitude indirectly even when no attitude is stated explicitly.

Advanced control: Treat Express an attitude as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Express an attitude. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

89. Gain experience

Core use: Gain experience means develop practical knowledge through involvement over time. Example: “Students gain experience in source evaluation through repeated practice.” English normally says gain experience , not get experiences , when referring to accumulated practical knowledge.

Advanced control: Treat Gain experience as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Gain experience. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

90. Consider a perspective

Core use: Consider a perspective means deliberately examine a viewpoint shaped by a particular position or experience. Example: “A balanced analysis considers the perspective of users who cannot access the service.” Considering a perspective does not require agreeing with it.

Advanced control: Treat Consider a perspective as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Consider a perspective. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

91. Organise an argument

Core use: Organise an argument means arrange claims, evidence and reasoning into a deliberate sequence. Example: “Maren organises the argument around three criteria: access, cost and reliability.” Organisation is conceptual, not merely visual formatting.

Advanced control: Treat Organise an argument as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Organise an argument. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

92. Structure a paragraph

Core use: Structure a paragraph means arrange its sentences so each performs a clear role. Example: “The student structures the paragraph as claim, evidence, reasoning and qualification.” Strong structure reduces repetition and helps the reader follow the line of thought.

Advanced control: Treat Structure a paragraph as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Structure a paragraph. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

93. Improve coherence

Core use: Improve coherence means make the overall logic and connection among ideas clearer. Example: “Removing an unrelated example improves coherence.” Adding more linking words does not automatically improve coherence if the ideas themselves do not belong together.

Advanced control: Treat Improve coherence as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Improve coherence. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

94. Increase precision

Core use: Increase precision means make meaning more exact and carefully bounded. Example: “Replacing ‘good’ with ‘reliable’ increases precision.” Academic vocabulary is valuable when it narrows meaning, not merely when it sounds formal.

Advanced control: Treat Increase precision as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Increase precision. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

95. Shift emphasis

Core use: Shift emphasis means move the reader’s attention toward a different aspect of the argument. Example: “The final paragraph shifts emphasis from short-term cost to long-term resilience.” This phrase is useful for describing structure, rhetoric and revision.

Advanced control: Treat Shift emphasis as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Shift emphasis. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

96. Signal a transition

Core use: Signal a transition means make a change of stage, topic or reasoning function clear to the reader. Example: “The phrase ‘however’ signals a transition from concession to rebuttal.” A transition can be signalled by wording, sentence structure or conceptual sequencing.

Advanced control: Treat Signal a transition as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Signal a transition. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

97. Summarise an argument

Core use: Summarise an argument means condense its central claim, main reasons and essential evidence without reproducing every detail. Example: “Iona summarises the argument before evaluating its assumptions.” Summary and evaluation should remain distinct operations.

Advanced control: Treat Summarise an argument as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Summarise an argument. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

98. Reflect on experience

Core use: Reflect on experience means think carefully about what an experience means, what was learned and what should change. Example: “After the test, Leonie reflects on the retrieval failures rather than only the score.” Reflection converts experience into information for future action.

Advanced control: Treat Reflect on experience as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Reflect on experience. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

99. Retrieve from memory

Core use: Retrieve from memory means actively bring stored information back into conscious use. Example: “The student retrieves the collocation from memory before checking the list.” Retrieval practice strengthens access routes more effectively than passive recognition alone.

Advanced control: Treat Retrieve from memory as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Retrieve from memory. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

100. Transfer knowledge

Core use: Transfer knowledge means apply learning successfully in a new context, subject or problem. Example: “A student who can use evaluate effectiveness in English, Science and Geography is beginning to transfer knowledge.” Transfer is one of the strongest signs that vocabulary has become functional rather than memorised.

Advanced control: Treat Transfer knowledge as a verb + complement/head noun unit. Keep the semantic job stable when changing the topic: replace the surrounding evidence, subject or object, not the natural partnership itself. Test every substitution by asking whether a strong academic writer would retrieve the same combination without having to assemble it word by word.

Production drill: write one sentence in English/Humanities and one in Science/data using Transfer knowledge. Then replace one content noun while keeping the collocational frame intact. If the new phrase sounds forced, restore the original partnership and choose a different complement.

Advanced collection principle: selection beats synonym replacement

Academic vocabulary becomes natural when words are selected in compatible combinations. Do not vary a phrase merely to avoid repetition. Repeating evidence accurately is better than replacing it with a near-synonym that breaks the collocation or changes the evidential relationship.

Use this collection with the eduKateSingapore Vocabulary Article Directory and the existing Secondary 3 research/data-analysis vocabulary route. This page owns advanced phrase-level control rather than another generic Grade 9 word list.

Vocabulary routes: Vocabulary Learning System.