GP politics vocabulary is useful when students can describe institutions, authority, participation, public policy and social conflict without turning every paragraph into a partisan verdict. General Paper requires language that can compare how power is exercised, how institutions make decisions, how citizens and groups participate, how policies create trade-offs and how concepts such as accountability, legitimacy, representation, rights and rule of law are used in different contexts.

Students searching for GP politics vocabulary, governance vocabulary, politics essay words, society vocabulary or public policy terms often encounter concepts that are contested or used differently across countries. The safest GP method is descriptive first, evaluative second. Define the institution or principle, identify the evidence and context, then evaluate outcomes using explicit criteria such as effectiveness, accountability, participation, fairness, stability, rights, implementation or public trust.

For neutral reference points, the World Bank broadly describes governance in terms of the traditions and institutions through which authority is exercised, including how governments are selected and monitored, their capacity to formulate and implement policies, and the relationship between citizens, the state and institutions. The OECD’s open-government framework emphasises transparency, integrity, accountability and stakeholder participation. The United Nations describes rule of law as a governance principle in which public and private actors, including the state, are accountable to publicly promulgated and equally enforced laws that are independently adjudicated. These definitions are useful starting points, not substitutes for contextual analysis. See the World Bank governance definitions, OECD participation and open-government material and the United Nations rule-of-law overview.

Quick Read

• 160 neutral GP terms across institutions, participation, law, policy, rights, society and international relations.
• Describe political arrangements before judging them.
• Separate authority, legitimacy, accountability, representation and effectiveness.
• Treat contested concepts as analytical categories, not slogans.
• Use criteria and evidence rather than ranking political actors or systems.

160 GP politics, governance and society terms

Authority and institutions

1. authority

Learn authority descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to authority and institutions. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

2. state

Learn state descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to authority and institutions. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

3. government

Learn government descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to authority and institutions. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

4. institution

Learn institution descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to authority and institutions. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

5. executive

Learn executive descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to authority and institutions. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

6. legislature

Learn legislature descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to authority and institutions. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

7. judiciary

Learn judiciary descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to authority and institutions. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

8. bureaucracy

Learn bureaucracy descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to authority and institutions. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

9. administration

Learn administration descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to authority and institutions. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

10. agency

Learn agency descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to authority and institutions. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

11. constitution

Learn constitution descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to authority and institutions. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

12. sovereignty

Learn sovereignty descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to authority and institutions. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

13. jurisdiction

Learn jurisdiction descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to authority and institutions. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

14. centralisation

Learn centralisation descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to authority and institutions. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

15. decentralisation

Learn decentralisation descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to authority and institutions. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

16. mandate

Learn mandate descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to authority and institutions. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

17. office

Learn office descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to authority and institutions. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

18. public service

Learn public service descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to authority and institutions. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

19. capacity

Learn capacity descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to authority and institutions. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

20. institutional

Learn institutional descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to authority and institutions. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

Governance and accountability

21. governance

Learn governance descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to governance and accountability. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

22. accountability

Learn accountability descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to governance and accountability. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

23. transparency

Learn transparency descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to governance and accountability. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

24. integrity

Learn integrity descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to governance and accountability. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

25. oversight

Learn oversight descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to governance and accountability. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

26. audit

Learn audit descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to governance and accountability. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

27. compliance

Learn compliance descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to governance and accountability. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

28. responsibility

Learn responsibility descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to governance and accountability. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

29. corruption

Learn corruption descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to governance and accountability. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

30. conflict of interest

Learn conflict of interest descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to governance and accountability. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

31. public interest

Learn public interest descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to governance and accountability. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

32. performance

Learn performance descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to governance and accountability. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

33. implementation

Learn implementation descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to governance and accountability. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

34. administrative

Learn administrative descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to governance and accountability. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

35. regulatory

Learn regulatory descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to governance and accountability. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

36. monitoring

Learn monitoring descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to governance and accountability. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

37. evaluation

Learn evaluation descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to governance and accountability. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

38. scrutiny

Learn scrutiny descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to governance and accountability. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

39. disclosure

Learn disclosure descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to governance and accountability. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

40. trust

Learn trust descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to governance and accountability. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

Participation and representation

41. participation

Learn participation descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to participation and representation. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

42. representation

Learn representation descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to participation and representation. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

43. citizen

Learn citizen descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to participation and representation. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

44. civil society

Learn civil society descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to participation and representation. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

45. stakeholder

Learn stakeholder descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to participation and representation. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

46. consultation

Learn consultation descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to participation and representation. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

47. engagement

Learn engagement descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to participation and representation. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

48. association

Learn association descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to participation and representation. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

49. assembly

Learn assembly descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to participation and representation. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

50. petition

Learn petition descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to participation and representation. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

51. public opinion

Learn public opinion descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to participation and representation. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

52. interest group

Learn interest group descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to participation and representation. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

53. advocacy

Learn advocacy descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to participation and representation. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

54. lobbying

Learn lobbying descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to participation and representation. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

55. constituency

Learn constituency descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to participation and representation. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

56. pluralism

Learn pluralism descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to participation and representation. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

57. mobilisation

Learn mobilisation descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to participation and representation. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

58. civic

Learn civic descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to participation and representation. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

59. voice

Learn voice descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to participation and representation. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

60. turnout

Learn turnout descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to participation and representation. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

Law and rights

61. rule of law

Learn rule of law descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to law and rights. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

62. legal certainty

Learn legal certainty descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to law and rights. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

63. due process

Learn due process descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to law and rights. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

64. equality before the law

Learn equality before the law descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to law and rights. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

65. rights

Learn rights descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to law and rights. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

66. liberty

Learn liberty descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to law and rights. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

67. freedom

Learn freedom descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to law and rights. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

68. obligation

Learn obligation descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to law and rights. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

69. protection

Learn protection descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to law and rights. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

70. redress

Learn redress descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to law and rights. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

71. appeal

Learn appeal descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to law and rights. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

72. independent adjudication

Learn independent adjudication descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to law and rights. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

73. legislation

Learn legislation descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to law and rights. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

74. regulation

Learn regulation descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to law and rights. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

75. enforcement

Learn enforcement descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to law and rights. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

76. proportionality

Learn proportionality descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to law and rights. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

77. arbitrariness

Learn arbitrariness descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to law and rights. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

78. legal

Learn legal descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to law and rights. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

79. constitutional

Learn constitutional descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to law and rights. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

80. jurisdiction

Learn jurisdiction descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to law and rights. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

Public policy

81. policy

Learn policy descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to public policy. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

82. agenda

Learn agenda descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to public policy. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

83. priority

Learn priority descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to public policy. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

84. implementation

Learn implementation descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to public policy. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

85. regulation

Learn regulation descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to public policy. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

86. taxation

Learn taxation descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to public policy. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

87. subsidy

Learn subsidy descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to public policy. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

88. public spending

Learn public spending descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to public policy. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

89. redistribution

Learn redistribution descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to public policy. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

90. welfare

Learn welfare descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to public policy. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

91. incentive

Learn incentive descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to public policy. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

92. externality

Learn externality descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to public policy. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

93. public good

Learn public good descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to public policy. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

94. service delivery

Learn service delivery descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to public policy. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

95. targeting

Learn targeting descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to public policy. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

96. universal

Learn universal descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to public policy. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

97. means-tested

Learn means-tested descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to public policy. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

98. cost-benefit

Learn cost-benefit descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to public policy. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

99. trade-off

Learn trade-off descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to public policy. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

100. policy instrument

Learn policy instrument descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to public policy. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

Political ideas and conflict

101. ideology

Learn ideology descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to political ideas and conflict. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

102. partisanship

Learn partisanship descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to political ideas and conflict. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

103. polarisation

Learn polarisation descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to political ideas and conflict. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

104. consensus

Learn consensus descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to political ideas and conflict. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

105. compromise

Learn compromise descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to political ideas and conflict. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

106. opposition

Learn opposition descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to political ideas and conflict. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

107. coalition

Learn coalition descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to political ideas and conflict. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

108. populism

Learn populism descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to political ideas and conflict. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

109. nationalism

Learn nationalism descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to political ideas and conflict. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

110. liberalism

Learn liberalism descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to political ideas and conflict. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

111. conservatism

Learn conservatism descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to political ideas and conflict. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

112. socialism

Learn socialism descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to political ideas and conflict. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

113. pragmatism

Learn pragmatism descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to political ideas and conflict. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

114. radical

Learn radical descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to political ideas and conflict. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

115. moderate

Learn moderate descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to political ideas and conflict. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

116. reform

Learn reform descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to political ideas and conflict. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

117. status quo

Learn status quo descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to political ideas and conflict. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

118. contestation

Learn contestation descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to political ideas and conflict. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

119. dissent

Learn dissent descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to political ideas and conflict. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

120. legitimacy

Learn legitimacy descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to political ideas and conflict. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

Society and inequality

121. social cohesion

Learn social cohesion descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to society and inequality. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

122. inequality

Learn inequality descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to society and inequality. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

123. mobility

Learn mobility descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to society and inequality. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

124. class

Learn class descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to society and inequality. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

125. identity

Learn identity descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to society and inequality. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

126. minority

Learn minority descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to society and inequality. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

127. majority

Learn majority descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to society and inequality. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

128. discrimination

Learn discrimination descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to society and inequality. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

129. inclusion

Learn inclusion descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to society and inequality. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

130. marginalisation

Learn marginalisation descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to society and inequality. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

131. community

Learn community descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to society and inequality. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

132. demographic

Learn demographic descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to society and inequality. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

133. integration

Learn integration descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to society and inequality. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

134. segregation

Learn segregation descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to society and inequality. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

135. social capital

Learn social capital descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to society and inequality. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

136. welfare

Learn welfare descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to society and inequality. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

137. poverty

Learn poverty descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to society and inequality. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

138. opportunity

Learn opportunity descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to society and inequality. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

139. access

Learn access descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to society and inequality. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

140. solidarity

Learn solidarity descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to society and inequality. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

International relations

141. diplomacy

Learn diplomacy descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to international relations. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

142. bilateral

Learn bilateral descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to international relations. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

143. multilateral

Learn multilateral descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to international relations. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

144. treaty

Learn treaty descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to international relations. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

145. alliance

Learn alliance descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to international relations. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

146. sanction

Learn sanction descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to international relations. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

147. sovereignty

Learn sovereignty descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to international relations. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

148. interdependence

Learn interdependence descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to international relations. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

149. international law

Learn international law descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to international relations. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

150. global governance

Learn global governance descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to international relations. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

151. cooperation

Learn cooperation descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to international relations. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

152. conflict

Learn conflict descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to international relations. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

153. security

Learn security descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to international relations. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

154. humanitarian

Learn humanitarian descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to international relations. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

155. migration

Learn migration descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to international relations. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

156. refugee

Learn refugee descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to international relations. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

157. trade

Learn trade descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to international relations. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

158. negotiation

Learn negotiation descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to international relations. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

159. soft power

Learn soft power descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to international relations. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

160. geopolitics

Learn geopolitics descriptively before using it evaluatively. Write a plain-English definition, one natural collocation and one neutral example connected to international relations. Then identify one neighbouring concept that differs in an important way. Political vocabulary becomes safer when the boundary is explicit and the example does not assume a preferred political conclusion.

Five distinctions that prevent weak GP politics essays

Authority versus legitimacy

Authority concerns recognised power or the capacity to make decisions; legitimacy concerns whether that authority is regarded as justified or rightful under relevant rules, norms or consent. An institution can possess formal authority while debates about legitimacy remain.

Accountability versus transparency

Transparency concerns access to information about decisions and actions. Accountability requires mechanisms through which actors explain, justify or face consequences for performance or misconduct. Transparency can support accountability but is not identical to it.

Representation versus participation

Representation concerns how interests or people are represented within decision-making structures. Participation concerns ways citizens or stakeholders directly engage in public life or policy processes. A system can have one without the other being equally strong.

Effectiveness versus fairness

A policy can achieve its stated objective while distributing costs unequally. Conversely, a fair-looking rule can be ineffective if implementation is weak. GP evaluation should state which criterion is being used.

Law versus policy

Law creates legally binding rules within a jurisdiction. Policy is broader and can include priorities, programmes, guidelines, budgets and administrative choices. Not every policy requires new legislation.

The Fencing Method: contested political vocabulary

democracy / participation

Democracy is a broad political concept with institutional and normative dimensions; participation is one component that can occur in many forms. Write two sentences where the distinction changes the interpretation of the issue.

populism / popularity

Populism refers to a political style or ideology often framed around ‘the people’ versus an elite; popularity simply means widespread support. Write two sentences where the distinction changes the interpretation of the issue.

nationalism / patriotism

Nationalism is a political idea centred on the nation and political identity; patriotism more generally means attachment or devotion to one’s country. Write two sentences where the distinction changes the interpretation of the issue.

state / government

The state refers to enduring public institutions and sovereign authority; a government is the set of office-holders or administration exercising authority at a given time. Write two sentences where the distinction changes the interpretation of the issue.

regulation / prohibition

Regulation sets rules and conditions; prohibition bans an activity. Write two sentences where the distinction changes the interpretation of the issue.

rights / interests

Rights carry legal or moral claims of a distinctive kind; interests are benefits or preferences that actors seek. Write two sentences where the distinction changes the interpretation of the issue.

consensus / unanimity

Consensus indicates broad agreement sufficient for collective action; unanimity requires everyone to agree. Write two sentences where the distinction changes the interpretation of the issue.

opposition / obstruction

Opposition challenges or disagrees with policy or authority; obstruction describes actions aimed at blocking a process and carries a more evaluative connotation. Write two sentences where the distinction changes the interpretation of the issue.

reform / revolution

Reform changes institutions or policies within an existing order; revolution implies more fundamental transformation of political or social structures. Write two sentences where the distinction changes the interpretation of the issue.

stability / stagnation

Stability means relative continuity or predictability; stagnation implies insufficient change or progress. They should not be treated as synonyms. Write two sentences where the distinction changes the interpretation of the issue.

High-value governance collocations

1. public accountability

Use public accountability in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

2. institutional capacity

Use institutional capacity in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

3. rule of law

Use rule of law in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

4. legal certainty

Use legal certainty in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

5. public participation

Use public participation in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

6. representative institution

Use representative institution in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

7. regulatory framework

Use regulatory framework in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

8. policy implementation

Use policy implementation in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

9. public consultation

Use public consultation in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

10. civil society organisation

Use civil society organisation in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

11. conflict of interest

Use conflict of interest in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

12. independent oversight

Use independent oversight in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

13. government effectiveness

Use government effectiveness in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

14. public trust

Use public trust in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

15. service delivery

Use service delivery in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

16. social cohesion

Use social cohesion in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

17. political polarisation

Use political polarisation in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

18. policy trade-off

Use policy trade-off in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

19. public interest

Use public interest in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

20. stakeholder engagement

Use stakeholder engagement in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

21. constitutional framework

Use constitutional framework in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

22. administrative capacity

Use administrative capacity in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

23. legislative process

Use legislative process in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

24. judicial independence

Use judicial independence in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

25. international cooperation

Use international cooperation in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

26. multilateral institution

Use multilateral institution in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

27. diplomatic negotiation

Use diplomatic negotiation in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

28. social mobility

Use social mobility in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

29. welfare provision

Use welfare provision in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

30. equal protection

Use equal protection in a neutral analytical sentence. Then add a second sentence naming the criterion by which it could be evaluated. This prevents the collocation from functioning as a slogan.

How to write about governance without ranking countries

GP questions may invite comparison, but comparison should be criterion-specific. Instead of declaring that one country “has better governance” in the abstract, identify what is being compared: policy implementation, accountability mechanisms, service delivery, participation, legal predictability, corruption control or institutional capacity. Different indicators can point in different directions.

The World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators, for example, use multiple dimensions rather than one single governance score, and the methodology includes uncertainty around estimates. This is a useful reminder for GP writing: governance is multidimensional, and broad labels need evidence and scope.

How to discuss participation

Participation can include voting where applicable, consultation, public hearings, civic associations, advocacy, community organisations, petitions, stakeholder engagement and other forms of involvement. The value of participation depends on design: who can participate, whether information is available, whether contributions influence decisions and whether participation is safe and meaningful.

Avoid assuming that more participation automatically improves every decision. Participation can add local knowledge and legitimacy, but it can also require time, resources and careful design. Evaluation should compare participation with implementation capacity, representativeness and decision urgency.

How to discuss rule of law

The United Nations’ rule-of-law framework emphasises accountability under publicly promulgated laws, equal enforcement, independent adjudication, fairness, legal certainty and avoidance of arbitrariness. For GP purposes, rule of law should therefore be discussed as an institutional principle rather than a synonym for “having many laws”.

A strong paragraph can ask whether rules are clear, consistently applied, subject to review, and binding on public as well as private actors. The analysis should remain factual and source-grounded when discussing real jurisdictions.

How to discuss public policy

Public policy questions are strongest when students identify the policy instrument. Governments and public institutions may use taxation, subsidies, information campaigns, direct provision, standards, licensing, regulation, transfers or partnerships. Different tools create different incentives and administrative burdens.

Evaluation can then use effectiveness, cost, equity, feasibility, administrative capacity, behavioural response and unintended consequences. “The government should do more” becomes a real argument only when the student specifies what action and why it addresses the underlying mechanism.

A 12-week GP politics-and-society plan

Week 1: institutions and authority

Learn 12–15 terms, but write with only 6–8. Use neutral examples, define contested labels before applying them, and verify real-world claims from current authoritative sources before using them in essays.

Week 2: governance and accountability

Learn 12–15 terms, but write with only 6–8. Use neutral examples, define contested labels before applying them, and verify real-world claims from current authoritative sources before using them in essays.

Week 3: participation and representation

Learn 12–15 terms, but write with only 6–8. Use neutral examples, define contested labels before applying them, and verify real-world claims from current authoritative sources before using them in essays.

Week 4: law and rights

Learn 12–15 terms, but write with only 6–8. Use neutral examples, define contested labels before applying them, and verify real-world claims from current authoritative sources before using them in essays.

Week 5: public policy instruments

Learn 12–15 terms, but write with only 6–8. Use neutral examples, define contested labels before applying them, and verify real-world claims from current authoritative sources before using them in essays.

Week 6: inequality and welfare

Learn 12–15 terms, but write with only 6–8. Use neutral examples, define contested labels before applying them, and verify real-world claims from current authoritative sources before using them in essays.

Week 7: civil society and social cohesion

Learn 12–15 terms, but write with only 6–8. Use neutral examples, define contested labels before applying them, and verify real-world claims from current authoritative sources before using them in essays.

Week 8: ideologies and political conflict

Learn 12–15 terms, but write with only 6–8. Use neutral examples, define contested labels before applying them, and verify real-world claims from current authoritative sources before using them in essays.

Week 9: international relations

Learn 12–15 terms, but write with only 6–8. Use neutral examples, define contested labels before applying them, and verify real-world claims from current authoritative sources before using them in essays.

Week 10: migration and interdependence

Learn 12–15 terms, but write with only 6–8. Use neutral examples, define contested labels before applying them, and verify real-world claims from current authoritative sources before using them in essays.

Week 11: governance comparison methods

Learn 12–15 terms, but write with only 6–8. Use neutral examples, define contested labels before applying them, and verify real-world claims from current authoritative sources before using them in essays.

Week 12: mixed Paper 1 and Paper 2 application

Learn 12–15 terms, but write with only 6–8. Use neutral examples, define contested labels before applying them, and verify real-world claims from current authoritative sources before using them in essays.

30 neutral GP politics drills

Drill 1

Write 150 words about public consultation. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 2

Write 150 words about regulation of a harmful activity. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 3

Write 150 words about social welfare. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 4

Write 150 words about civil society participation. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 5

Write 150 words about public trust. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 6

Write 150 words about international cooperation. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 7

Write 150 words about migration policy. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 8

Write 150 words about media and public opinion. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 9

Write 150 words about inequality. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 10

Write 150 words about institutional reform. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 11

Write 150 words about public consultation. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 12

Write 150 words about regulation of a harmful activity. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 13

Write 150 words about social welfare. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 14

Write 150 words about civil society participation. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 15

Write 150 words about public trust. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 16

Write 150 words about international cooperation. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 17

Write 150 words about migration policy. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 18

Write 150 words about media and public opinion. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 19

Write 150 words about inequality. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 20

Write 150 words about institutional reform. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 21

Write 150 words about public consultation. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 22

Write 150 words about regulation of a harmful activity. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 23

Write 150 words about social welfare. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 24

Write 150 words about civil society participation. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 25

Write 150 words about public trust. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 26

Write 150 words about international cooperation. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 27

Write 150 words about migration policy. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 28

Write 150 words about media and public opinion. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 29

Write 150 words about inequality. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Drill 30

Write 150 words about institutional reform. Use one institutional term, one participation or accountability term, one policy term and one evaluation criterion. Do not name a political party or advocate a political choice; focus on how the concepts relate and what evidence would be required for a judgement.

Frequently asked questions

Do GP students need to memorise political ideologies?

They need workable definitions and the ability to distinguish concepts, but should avoid forcing every issue into ideological labels.

Can students compare political systems?

Yes, descriptively and analytically, using specific criteria and reliable evidence rather than an overall ranking.

How should contested terms be used?

Define the sense being used and acknowledge relevant alternative definitions where they materially affect the argument.

Is governance the same as government?

No. Governance is broader and includes institutions, processes and relationships through which authority and policy are exercised.

How should students use current political examples?

Verify them from recent reliable sources, state the relevant time period and avoid attributing motives without evidence.

Can students argue for a policy?

They can analyse policy options and effects in an essay; the quality depends on evidence, criteria, trade-offs and relevance to the question.

How do students stay neutral when practising?

Practise describing competing considerations and evidence before writing a conclusion.

What shows mastery?

The student can define, compare and evaluate political concepts without relying on loaded labels or unsupported generalisations.

Sources and further reading

For neutral conceptual reference, see the World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators FAQ, the OECD Public Integrity Handbook on participation, and the United Nations overview of the rule of law. For current political examples, verify information at the time of writing from authoritative primary sources and high-quality reporting.

Final principle

GP politics vocabulary should increase precision and human agency, not tell the student what political judgement to make. Describe the institution, define the concept, verify the evidence, identify the criterion, compare trade-offs and then form a conclusion proportionate to what the evidence supports.

Continue with the General Paper Vocabulary List and the Singapore Vocabulary Guide.